physical landscape in the uk Flashcards
how does the long profile of a river change as the river flows downstream
reduces quickly in height as the slope of the river valley reduces
how does the cross profile of a river Vally change as the river flows downstream
the channel becomes wider as the gradient becomes gentler, leading to less vertical erosion.
explain how a wave cut platform is formed as a cliff is eroded
it will occur in high tides waves will hit against the cliff and erode the base of the cliff CALLED A WAVE CUT NOTCH
2 main types of erosion hydraulic action abrasion
then the previous notch will collapse
example of cliff retreat
assess the effectivenessof strategies used to protect coastlines against erosion
sea walls is a concrete wall designed to prevent erosion and reflect the waves back out to the sea and slows down the energy cost 5,000-10,00 year
Dis waves to powerful can break
Ad they have pramendes to people can walk on them
soft engineering
sand dunes is a natural physical barrier between sea and land people build more
explain how a meander ay be formed both erosion and disposition
is a bend in the river as water flows through the meander it travel faster on the outside by erosion , abrasion winder cutting the river bank and forming a river cliff as it travels slower on the inside bend causing deposition creating a slip of slope
benefits of using hard and soft engines to reduce the risk of flooding
hard engine
reduce river flood such as building a damby reducing the lives of water in the Chanel to stop flooding but can also tear apart hard engines is also very experience
soft
it can reduce flood by building sand dunes and its a physical barrier between sea and land but some people may not be able to access the warings and may cause a navigation hazard
Sliding
this is when large pieces of land slide donw the slope quickly without any warning
Slumping
This common when the cliffs are made out of clay the clay becomes saturated (soaked with water ) during heavy rainfall
Rock fall
Pieces of rock are continuously weathered and eroded until they separate from the cliff
Beaches
Beaches are eroded materials
Spit
Spits are a extended stretch of sand
Long shore drift
Where there a change of shape of the coastline deposition occurs
Deposition
When the sea loses energy it drops the materials
Bar
It joins two headlines together caused by longshore drift
What’s hard rock made out of
Limestone
Swanage bay
Is made out of soft rock and hard rock (limestone) discordant
Hard engineering management
Groynes wooden rock structures built out at right angle of the sea
To prevent sediment being transported to beaches prevent longshore drift
Did unattractive
Ad they trap sediment from longshore drift
Cast study river tee
Located at the north of England
The source of the river is located in the Pennines and flows east to its mount were the river joins North Sea
Name all transportation
Traction large rock being rolled along the river bed
Suspension the material are carried by the sea ( clay sediments)
Solution rocks dissolve with the sea
Saltation small rock being bounce along the river bed
how do gynos prevent longshore drift and sediment being transported
Trying to stop the moment of sediment along the costline might because they want to build a nice beach it collects all the sediments to one place to stop it moving down from backwash
how can groynes cause erosion
erosion can become even more pronounced on that side of the groin. No were to go in erodes
Interlocking spurs are formed
If there are areas of hard rock which are harder to erode, the river will bend around it
reservoir
Man made lake in the upper course
What’s a slip of slope
The build-up of deposited sediment sides of a mender
estuaries
The open mouth of the river where it meets the sea
explain how physical factors affect flood risk
Long hours of precipitation
Rock type permeable (that can absorb water ) limestone
Impermeable rocks higher risk of flooding (soft rock)
How are glaciers formed
Carrie snow collected year on year on the mountain forming formed packed ice
Starts for move at the bottom solar the glacier from intense pressure from the weight of the weight above
Rotation slip
Freeze thaw happens at the stop of the mountain freeze by 9% and burst get picked up at the soler glacier as the glacier moves again abrasion happens (scrap along the rock floor )
Plucking happens creating steep back walls
freeze thaw weathering
a process of erosion that happens in cold areas where ice forms
Weathering
Biological weathering is caused by
plants and animals
Chemical weathering describes
making changes to the minerals in a rock
Mechanical weathering causes rocks to crumble
how are the cross sections of meander formed
Due to erosion on the outside of a bend and deposition on the inside, the shape of a meander will change over a period of time. Erosion narrows the neck
Formation of flood plains
High rain fall over spills the river and deposits the sediment on the side of the river bank due to less energy called leves river rises unlikely to flood in future
What are the characteristics of a
destructive wave
-weak swash and strong backwash
-the waves are steep and close together
What are the characteristics of a
constructive wave
- strong swash and weak backwash
- the waves are low and further apart
What are hydrographs
shows how a river responds to a period of rainfall
Formation of sand dune
Embryo dune dune scarp fore dune yellow dune grey dune dune slack
How does widening the river channel help to reduce flood management schemes
Widening the river channel can help reduce flood risks by increasing the capacity of the river to hold more water. When the channel is widened, it allows more water to flow through the river, reducing the likelihood of overflow and flooding
Explain how spits and bars form along the coast as a result of deposition
Spits and bars form along the coast due to deposition, which is when sediment carried by the sea is deposited in certain areas. When longshore drift carries sediment along the coast
how can sand dunes prevent flooding
high tides. When there’s a storm or high tide, the dunes absorb and slow down the water, reducing the impact on inland areas
Human factors that affect flooding
Deforestation no trees to intercept
Urban areas have no impermeable rock to absorb the water less permeable rock due to pavements
How do physical factor affect the rate of flooding
Precipitation heavy rainfall The faster the water reaches the river, the more likely it will flood to the infiltration that soaks it to the ground to the river
how does relief affect flood risk
a steep valley is more likely to flood than a flatter valley because the rainfall will run off into the river more quickly
how does environmental factors affect flood risk
Lots of vegetation reduces flood risk
slowing down the flow of rainwater, absorbing rainwater and reducing erosion
why are sediments deposited
by low-energy waves that can no longer support their sediment load.
Describe the formation of a wave cut platform 2
What is bed load
The load carried this way
what is relief
the term used for the differences in height from places
