Change In Econmoic World Flashcards
What is one benefit of aid in developing countries?
Aid can help some countries develop key projects for infrastructure faster.
Aid can improve services such as schools, hospitals, and roads.
What is a potential negative effect of too much reliance on aid?
Too much reliance on aid might stop other trade links becoming established.
How does education contribute to economic development?
Education creates a skilled workforce meaning more goods and services are produced.
Educated people earn more money, meaning they also pay more taxes.
What is the relationship between educated individuals and taxation?
Educated people earn more money, meaning they also pay more taxes.
What political factor can affect a country’s ability to trade?
Corruption in local and national governments.
How does government stability affect economic development?
The stability of the government can affect the country’s ability to trade.
What is a trade surplus?
Countries that export more than they import have a trade surplus.
Why is having good trade relationships important?
Having good trade relationships can improve the national economy.
Which is more profitable: trading goods and services or raw materials?
Trading goods and services is more profitable than raw materials.
What health issues can hinder economic contribution?
Lack of clean water and poor healthcare means a large number of people suffer from diseases.
How does illness affect economic productivity?
People who are ill cannot work so there is little contribution to the economy.
What is the trade-off when more money is spent on healthcare?
More money on healthcare means less spent on development.
What historical factor has helped Europe develop?
Colonialism has helped Europe develop.
How has colonialism affected development in other countries?
Colonialism has slowed down development in many other countries.
What advantage do countries that industrialized earlier have?
Countries that went through industrialisation a while ago have now developed further.
What does uneven development refer to?
Development is globally uneven with most HICs located in Europe, North America, and Oceania.
HICs: High-Income Countries; NEEs: Newly Emerging Economies; LICs: Low-Income Countries.
Where are most NEEs located?
Asia and South America.
NEEs: Newly Emerging Economies.
Where are most LICs found?
Africa.
LICs: Low-Income Countries.
Name a physical factor affecting uneven development.
Natural Resources.
Includes fuel sources, minerals, metals, timber, and water access.
What are examples of fuel sources that affect development?
Oil, minerals, and metals.
These resources are critical for energy and industrial development.
What role does climate play in development?
Reliability of rainfall benefits farming; extreme climates limit industry and affect health; climate can attract tourists.
Climate conditions can significantly influence economic activities and population health.
How do natural hazards impact development?
Risk of tectonic hazards; benefits from volcanic material and floodwater; frequent hazards undermine redevelopment.
Natural hazards can disrupt economic stability and growth.
What challenges do landlocked countries face?
Trade difficulties.
Lack of direct access to oceans can hinder economic development.
How does mountainous terrain affect development?
Makes farming difficult.
Topography can limit agricultural productivity and access to resources.
What is a potential benefit of scenery in development?
Attracts tourists.
Tourism can be a significant economic driver for regions with attractive landscapes.
What is uneven development?
Different levels of development in different countries.
What are the consequences of uneven development?
Consequences include differences in wealth, health, and migration.
How does wealth differ between developed and less developed countries?
People in more developed countries have higher incomes.
How does healthcare affect life expectancy in developed countries?
Better healthcare leads to longer life expectancy.
What is the impact of better healthcare on less developed countries?
People in less developed countries generally live shorter lives.
What motivates migration from less developed to more developed countries?
People migrate to seek better opportunities and standard of living.
True or False: People migrate from less developed countries to more developed countries mainly for security reasons.
True
Fill in the blank: People will move to seek better opportunities and standard of living if nearby countries have higher levels of _______.
[development]
What are microfinance loans?
Small loans provided to people in LICs to enable them to start their own businesses
Microfinance loans aim to empower individuals economically, although their impact on poverty reduction at a large scale is uncertain.
What is a potential benefit of microfinance loans?
They allow individuals to begin their own businesses
This can lead to entrepreneurship and economic independence.
What is a drawback of microfinance loans?
It’s not clear they can reduce poverty at a large scale
Effectiveness in widespread poverty alleviation remains debated.
Define foreign-direct investment (FDI).
When one country buys property or infrastructure in another country
FDI can enhance the economic interdependence between nations.
What is a benefit of foreign-direct investment?
Leads to better access to finance, technology & expertise
FDI can stimulate local economies and enhance technological advancement.
What is a drawback of foreign-direct investment?
Investment can come with strings attached that countries need to comply with
Conditions imposed by investors may limit local autonomy.
What is fair trade?
A movement where farmers get a fair price for the goods produced
Fair trade aims to ensure equitable trading conditions.
What is a benefit of fair trade?
Farmers are paid fairly so they can develop schools & health centres
Fair trade supports community development and social welfare.
What is a drawback of fair trade?
Only a tiny proportion of the extra money reaches producers
This can undermine the effectiveness of fair trade initiatives.
What is aid?
Support given by one country to another as money or resources
Aid can take various forms, including financial assistance and material support.
What is a benefit of aid?
It can improve literacy rates, build dams, and improve agriculture
Aid can significantly impact development in recipient countries.
What is a drawback of aid?
Can be wasted by corrupt governments or lead to over-reliance on aid
Mismanagement and dependency can hinder sustainable development.
Define debt relief.
When a country’s debt is cancelled or interest rates are lowered
Debt relief aims to alleviate financial burdens on developing countries.
What is a benefit of debt relief?
More money can be spent on development
Reducing debt obligations allows for reallocation of funds to critical areas.
What is a drawback of debt relief?
Locals might not always get a say
Decisions regarding debt relief may be made without local input.
What does technology include in the context of development?
Tools, machines, and affordable equipment that improve quality of life
Technology plays a crucial role in enhancing productivity and living standards.
What is a benefit of technology in development?
Renewable energy is less expensive and polluting
Technology can contribute to sustainable development and environmental protection.
What is a drawback of technology in development?
Requires initial investment and skills in operating technology
Access to technology can be limited by financial and educational barriers.
What type of economy is Nigeria classified as?
NEE (Newly Emerging Economy)
Nigeria is recognized as a Newly Emerging Economy due to its rapid economic growth and development.
What is the geographical location of Nigeria?
Just north of the Equator in West Africa
This location influences Nigeria’s climate and biodiversity.
What has been the basis of Nigeria’s economic growth?
Oil exports
Nigeria’s economy significantly relies on the export of oil, making it the most economically powerful country in Africa.
What major political event occurred in Nigeria between 1967-1970?
Civil war
The civil war had lasting impacts on the country’s stability and development.
What significant change occurred in Nigeria’s political landscape from 1999?
Became stable with free and fair elections
This political stability has encouraged global investment.
Which countries have increased investment in Nigeria due to its stability?
China and USA
These countries have recognized Nigeria’s potential for growth and investment opportunities.
What type of society is Nigeria characterized as?
Multi-cultural, multi-faith society
This diversity contributes to both cultural richness and social conflict.
What group has caused regional conflicts in Nigeria?
Boko Haram
This terrorist group has created significant social challenges in the country.
What are some cultural contributions of Nigeria?
Rich artistic culture, music, literacy, and Nollywood film industry
Nigeria’s cultural diversity has led to a vibrant artistic scene.
What percentage of Nigeria’s economy is now based on manufacturing and services?
50%
This marks a significant shift from its previous reliance on agriculture.
What has been the impact of Nigeria’s thriving manufacturing industry?
Increased foreign investment and employment opportunities
The growth of manufacturing has contributed to economic development.
Fill in the blank: Nigeria’s national football team is considered _____
successful
The national football team is a source of pride and cultural identity.
What role do TNCs such as Shell play in the economy?
They increase investment, employment, and income.
TNCs are Transnational Corporations that operate in multiple countries.
What is a negative impact of TNCs on local economies?
Profits move to HICs.
HICs refer to High-Income Countries.
What environmental damage has been caused by oil spills?
Devastation of swamps and ecosystems.
The 2008/09 oil spills had significant ecological impacts.
What health risks are associated with the discharge of toxic chemicals?
Risk to human health due to contamination.
Toxic chemicals can lead to various health issues including diseases.
What percentage of forests have been cut down?
80%.
Deforestation contributes to increased CO emissions.
What is Nigeria’s role in international organizations?
Plays a leading role with the African Union and UN.
Nigeria’s involvement enhances its diplomatic influence.
With which country does Nigeria have growing investment links?
China.
China has invested heavily in Nigeria’s infrastructure.
What are Nigeria’s main imports?
Petrol from the EU, cars from Brazil, and phones from China.
These imports reflect Nigeria’s economic needs and trade relationships.
How much aid does Nigeria receive per year?
$5 billion.
This aid supports various development initiatives.
What improvements have aid groups like ActionAid made?
Improved health centres, provided anti-mosquito nets, and helped protect against AIDS/HIV.
These initiatives focus on enhancing public health.
What is a challenge faced by aid distribution in Nigeria?
Corruption affects aid reaching those in need.
Corruption can significantly hinder the effectiveness of aid programs.
What has been the impact of economic development on life expectancy in Nigeria?
Increased from 46 to 53 years.
Economic development often correlates with improvements in health outcomes.
What percentage of the population has access to safe water?
64%.
Access to safe water is crucial for public health.
How has the typical schooling years changed in Nigeria?
Increased from 7 to 9 years.
Education is a key factor in economic and social development.
What is the rank of the UK in terms of its economy?
One of the largest economies in the world
What are some of the influences of the UK?
Political, economic, and cultural influences
How is the UK regarded globally?
For its fairness and tolerance
What global transport links does the UK have?
Heathrow and the Eurostar
What has caused economic change in the UK?
De-industrialisation and decline of the UK’s industrial base
What has globalisation led to in the UK?
Many industries have moved overseas due to lower labour costs
What is one way the government is responding to economic change?
Investing in supporting vital businesses
What are Science Parks?
Groups of scientific and technical knowledge-based businesses on a single site
What are some characteristics of Science Parks?
- Access to transport routes
- Highly educated workers
- Attractive working conditions
- Attracts clusters of related high-tech businesses
What industry has increased in the UK towards post-industrialization?
Quaternary industry
Which industries have seen steady numbers in the UK?
Primary and tertiary industries
What type of jobs has seen a big increase in the UK?
Professional and technical jobs
How many cars does the UK make every year?
1.5 million cars
Who owns the car factories in the UK?
Large TNCs, e.g., Nissan
What percentage of energy used in UK car factories comes from wind energy?
7%
What advancements have new cars in the UK achieved?
More energy efficient and lighter
What types of cars does Nissan produce?
Electric and hybrid cars
What has caused tensions in villages?
Rising house prices
What is a consequence of villages being unpopulated during the day?
Loss of identity
What type of resentment is noted in rural areas?
Resentment towards poor migrant communities
What is the budget for the ‘Road Improvement Strategy’?
£15 billion
How many new roads will the ‘Road Improvement Strategy’ involve?
10 new roads
How many extra lanes will be added under the ‘Road Improvement Strategy’?
1,600 extra lanes
What is the investment amount for the HS railway to improve UK city connections?
£50 billion
What is the budget allocated for Heathrow’s controversial third runway?
£18 billion
What role do large ports play in the UK?
Importing and exporting goods
What issue do local first-time buyers face in rural areas?
Lack of affordable housing
What has increased rural unemployment?
Sales of farmland
What pressure does the influx of poor migrants place on local communities?
Pressures on local services
What is a characteristic of the North/South Divide in the UK?
Wages are lower in the North
How does health compare between the North and South of the UK?
Health is better in the South
Which region has worse education, North or South?
North
What is the government’s aim regarding the Northern Powerhouse project?
To resolve regional differences
What is one strategy to support disadvantaged regions in the UK?
More devolving of powers
What is used to compare and understand a country’s level of development?
Indicators
What type of employment refers to the proportion of the population working in primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary industries?
Employment type
What is the total value of goods and services produced in a country per person, per year?
Gross Domestic Product per capita
What is the average of gross national income per person, per year in US dollars?
Gross National Income per capita
What is the number of children who die before reaching 1 per 1000 babies born?
Infant mortality
What percentage of the population over the age of 15 can read and write?
Literacy rate
What is the average lifespan of someone born in a country referred to as?
Life expectancy
What number uses life expectancy, education level, and income per person?
Human Development Index (HDI)
Fill in the blank: Economic indicators examples include _______.
Employment type, Gross Domestic Product per capita, Gross National Income per capita
Fill in the blank: Social indicators examples include _______.
Infant mortality, Literacy rate, Life expectancy
Fill in the blank: Mixed indicators combine _______.
life expectancy, education level, and income per person
How does the growth of tourism help to reduce the development gap?
By providing jobs, increasing foreign exchange earnings, and stimulating local economies.
Example: In Jamaica, tourism significantly contributes to economic growth.
What is a NEE?
A Newly Emerging Economy, such as Nigeria.
NEEs are characterized by rapid growth and industrialization.
What is the significance of Nigeria regionally and globally?
Nigeria is important for its large population, oil reserves, and as a key player in African politics.
Nigeria is often referred to as the ‘Giant of Africa’.
What are the key aspects of Nigeria’s wider context?
Political, social, cultural, and environmental factors influencing its development.
These factors interact to shape Nigeria’s growth and challenges.
What is the changing industrial structure of Nigeria?
A shift from agriculture to manufacturing and services as key economic sectors.
This shift is crucial for economic development.
How can manufacturing stimulate economic development in Nigeria?
By creating jobs, increasing exports, and fostering innovation.
Manufacturing can diversify the economy away from oil dependency.
What role do TNCs play in Nigeria’s industrial development?
They bring investment, technology, and expertise.
TNCs also link Nigeria to global markets.
What are the advantages of TNCs in Nigeria?
Job creation, technology transfer, and improved infrastructure.
TNCs can enhance local business capabilities.
What are the disadvantages of TNCs in Nigeria?
Profit repatriation, environmental degradation, and potential exploitation of workers.
These disadvantages can undermine local economies.
How have Nigeria’s political relationships changed with the wider world?
Increased engagement in global trade, diplomacy, and international organizations.
Nigeria’s role in the African Union and OPEC is significant.
What are the types of international aid?
Bilateral aid, multilateral aid, humanitarian aid, and development aid.
Each type serves different purposes and has varying impacts.
What are the impacts of aid on the receiving country?
Can improve infrastructure, education, and health, but may also lead to dependency.
The effectiveness of aid varies based on governance and local conditions.
What are the environmental impacts of economic development?
Deforestation, pollution, loss of biodiversity, and climate change.
Economic growth often leads to environmental degradation if not managed sustainably.
How does economic development affect the quality of life for the population?
Can improve living standards, access to services, but may also increase inequality.
The distribution of benefits from economic growth is crucial.
What are the two contrasting areas discussed in the context of changing rural landscapes in the UK?
Outer Hebrides and South Cambridgeshire
These areas are used to highlight social and economic changes.
Locate the Outer Hebrides on a map.
Northwest Scotland
The Outer Hebrides is an archipelago off the west coast of Scotland.
Locate South Cambridgeshire on a map.
Near Cambridge, England
South Cambridgeshire is located to the southwest of Cambridge.
What is happening to the population in the Outer Hebrides?
Increase in people moving out
This migration is often due to individuals seeking better opportunities elsewhere.
What is a social effect of population changes in rural areas?
Decrease in the number of children per person
This can lead to an aging population and a decline in school enrollments.
What economic effect is mentioned in relation to farming?
Farming struggles due to changing customs
Farmers may face difficulties adapting to new market demands and land use.
Fill in the blank: The increase in population in South Cambridgeshire is due to people moving _______.
in for better opportunities
This reflects migration trends from rural to urban areas.
What has been a consequence of land use changes in rural areas?
Reduction in agricultural land for housing development
This shift is often driven by urban expansion and rising housing needs.
True or False: There is an increase in school enrollment in the Outer Hebrides.
False
The decrease in the number of children per person leads to declining school enrollments.
What is the primary purpose of transport?
To transport people, goods, and services.
Transport is essential for economic growth and development.
How have improvements in transport affected the UK’s economy?
Enabled growth and development, affecting employment and regional growth.
Transport development is a major future issue.
What is the aim of the A1 widening project?
To scale up traffic capacity and reduce congestion.
The project aims to alleviate traffic issues on the A1.
What is the estimated cost of the A1 widening project?
£258 million.
This investment is aimed at improving traffic flow.
What is High Speed 2 designed for?
To improve rail travel capacity and reduce travel time.
It aims to enable more people to travel quickly.
What benefit does the new deep-water port in Liverpool provide?
More opportunities for imports and exports.
This enhances trade and economic activity.
What is the capacity increase aimed for the Liverpool port?
To over 1.5 million containers a year.
This expansion will significantly boost port operations.
What is the estimated cost for doubling the capacity of the Liverpool port?
Approximately £300 million.
This investment is crucial for enhancing trade capacity.
What is the benefit of the Heathrow expansion?
Increases travel capacity and creates local jobs.
It is expected to generate significant economic benefits.
How many local jobs are expected to be created by the Heathrow expansion?
77,000 local jobs.
This highlights the economic impact of airport expansion.
What are Freeports designed to achieve?
To double port capacity and enhance exports.
This contributes to the GDP significantly.
Fill in the blank: The widening of the A1 aims to reduce _______.
congestion.
Alleviating congestion is a key benefit of this project.
True or False: The High Speed 2 project aims to reduce the number of rail passengers.
False.
It is designed to increase the number of people traveling by rail.
What is the North-South divide in the UK?
An imaginary line dividing the industrial North and the agricultural South.
What is the economic activity in the North of the UK mainly dependent on?
Heavily dependent on the public sector.
What type of economic activity dominates in the South of the UK?
Private sector dominant.
What was the average household gross disposable income in the NE region in 2018?
€16,995.
What was the average household gross disposable income in London in 2018?
€29,362.
How do benefits affect incomes in the North?
Benefits make up a higher proportion of incomes.
What was the unemployment rate in the NE region in January 2020?
6.6%.
What was the unemployment rate in the SE region in January 2020?
3.3%.
What was the average house price in London in 2018?
£500,000.
What was the average house price in the NE region in 2018?
£114,000.
How likely are pupils from the North to achieve straight A grades at A level compared to those from the South?
Less likely.
What percentage more likely are pupils in the South to achieve top GCSE grades?
40% more likely.
What was the male life expectancy in Manchester in 2013?
71.8 years.
What was the female life expectancy in Manchester in 2013?
77.8 years.
What was the male life expectancy in East Dorset in 2013?
83.1 years.
What was the female life expectancy in Kensington and Chelsea in 2013?
84.7 years.
Fill in the blank: The North-South divide highlights disparities in _______ and _______.
income and education.
True or False: The North has lower house prices compared to the South.
True.
What can be done to reduce the North-South divide?
Improve infrastructure.
What is the impact of transport improvements on migration patterns?
Transport improvements encourage people from the north to move to towns in the south
This migration can lead to increased employment rates in the south as people spend their wages there.
How does improved transport affect employment rates?
It helps increase employment rates in the south
This occurs as individuals migrate and contribute economically.
What is devolved power in the context of local councils?
When local councils have approved power to spend money on regeneration
This can lead to significant improvements in local areas.
Give an example of how devolved power can be utilized.
An example is the regeneration of Newcastle
Local councils can spend money on projects that create employment opportunities.
What is a potential benefit of local regeneration projects?
They can create employment opportunities and help improve the local economy
This often leads to a revitalized community and increased local investment.
Fill in the blank: Improved transport can lead to people moving from the ______ to the south.
north
True or False: Devolved power allows local councils to spend money only on infrastructure.
False
Devolved power can also be used for regeneration and other community projects.
What does ‘transthtico’ refer to in the context of electronic communications?
It is likely a typographical error or misrepresentation of a term related to electronic communications
The context is unclear due to text distortion.
What is the significance of ‘Nitr’ in electronic communications?
The term is unclear; it may refer to a concept or technology related to the field
More context is needed to accurately define ‘Nitr’.
What is meant by ‘the mainiane’ in the context of trade?
It appears to be a misspelling or distortion; context is required for an accurate interpretation
The term may relate to trade routes or economic connections.
What were the UK’s links with the wider world primarily associated with?
Trade and transport connections
This includes historical trade routes and modern electronic communications.
Fill in the blank: The _______ of the world includes significant trade routes.
transport
What cultural aspect is mentioned in relation to the electronic communications?
Soccer and its media representation
This highlights the intersection of culture and technology.
What geographical areas are mentioned in relation to major electronic communications?
London and the Mediterranean region
These areas are key hubs for electronic communications infrastructure.
True or False: ‘The gai channel’ relates to the main trade routes.
True
It suggests a significant passage for trade and communications.
What is the primary role of cables mentioned in the context?
They are used for communications and trade between regions
This includes undersea cables facilitating global electronic communications.
What is the impact of tourism on Jamaica’s GDP?
Tourism contributes significantly to Jamaica’s GDP, boosting the economy and providing funds for development projects.
Economic growth through tourism can lead to improved infrastructure and public services.
What does tourism encourage in relation to local businesses?
Investment in local enterprises
This includes supporting small businesses and promoting entrepreneurship.
What does increased tourism lead to in terms of infrastructure?
Improvements in infrastructure such as roads, airports, and public transport
Who benefits from the improvements in infrastructure due to increased tourism?
Both tourists and locals
What is one of the largest sectors in Jamaica?
Tourism
Tourism is a key driver of the Jamaican economy.
What opportunities does tourism provide in Jamaica?
Significant opportunities for economic growth
Tourism contributes to the overall economic development of Jamaica.
What natural feature attracts millions of visitors to Jamaica?
Beautiful beaches
Beaches are a major part of Jamaica’s tourism appeal.
What cultural aspect is a draw for tourists in Jamaica?
Cultural heritage
Jamaica’s rich cultural heritage enhances its tourism sector.
Name an attraction in Jamaica that is popular among tourists.
Blue Mountains
The Blue Mountains are known for their stunning scenery and hiking opportunities.
How does tourism impact job creation in Jamaica?
Creates jobs in hospitality and services
The tourism sector employs a significant number of Jamaicans.
What effect does tourism have on local businesses in Jamaica?
Boosts local businesses
Increased visitor spending positively affects local economies.
What is the impact of tourism growth on the workforce?
There is a need for skilled workers.
How can vocational training benefit locals?
It can help locals gain the skills needed for better-paying jobs.
What is the overall contribution of vocational training to the community?
It contributes to overall development.
Fill in the blank: As tourism and other industries grow, there is a need for _______.
[skilled workers]
True or False: Opportunities in vocational training can lead to lower-paying jobs.
False
What type of music is a significant part of the island’s culture?
Reggae music
Reggae music is a genre that originated in Jamaica and is closely associated with the island’s cultural identity.
What do festivals on the island showcase?
Unique heritage
Festivals often include traditional performances, cuisine, and local customs.
What do visitors often seek to experience in relation to the island’s culture?
Local music scene and cultural events
Visitors are attracted to the vibrant cultural expressions found in music and festivities.
True or False: The island has a dull and uninteresting cultural scene.
False
The island is known for its rich and vibrant culture.
What is Jamaica famous for?
Beautiful beaches like Seven Mile Beach and Doctor’s Cave Beach
Name two popular beaches in Jamaica.
- Seven Mile Beach
- Doctor’s Cave Beach
What type of visitors do Jamaica’s beaches attract?
Sun-seekers and water sports enthusiasts
