Paper 3 Flashcards
What is morphology
How wide dept slop the river is
What is a key factor for a successful enquiry?
A clear aim so that it is easy to understand what it is about
A clear aim helps define the focus and direction of the enquiry.
What should an enquiry be underpinned by?
Something you have learnt about in Geography
This ensures the enquiry is relevant and grounded in existing knowledge.
What type of risk should be considered when selecting questions or hypotheses?
Low manageable risk
Low manageable risk allows for a safer and more feasible enquiry.
What is an important consideration regarding data availability?
Data should be manageable in terms of time
This ensures that the enquiry can be completed within a reasonable timeframe.
Why is safety important when completing fieldwork?
Safety is crucial to avoid potential risks during fieldwork.
What type of environment was the human geography fieldwork conducted in?
Urban environment in Keswick town centre.
What type of environment was the physical geography fieldwork conducted in?
Rural environment.
What is a risk associated with deep or fast flowing water?
Danger of drowning or injury.
What is one step to reduce the risk of deep or fast flowing water?
Check the depth and speed of the water before entering.
Fill in the blank: To conduct fieldwork safely in water, find a _______ and _______ part of the river.
shallow, slow-moving
What type of footwear should be worn to reduce risk on slippery surfaces?
Waders.
What should you be cautious of when stepping on slippery rocks in the river?
Risk of slipping and falling.
What is a traffic-related safety measure during fieldwork?
Use pedestrian crossings at all times.
True or False: When walking on rural roads, you should walk with your back to traffic.
False.
What should you always do while walking in urban areas?
Stay on the pavements.
What is a safety measure to take during bad weather?
Wear weather-appropriate clothing.
What should you do before fieldwork to prepare for bad weather?
Check the weather forecast.
What is a recommended strategy for approaching strangers during fieldwork?
Approach strangers in groups for safety.
What contact information should you have when completing fieldwork?
Contact details of a teacher.
What is primary data?
Original data collected first hand by fieldwork. Raw data that has not been manipulated.
What is secondary data?
Information from published sources which was collected/ manipulated by someone else.
Give examples of primary data collection methods.
- Counting and measuring
- Asking questions
- Sketching/ photographs
Give examples of secondary data sources.
- Textbooks and newspapers
- Television reports
- Maps
- Planning documents
- Websites
- Processed census data
True or False: Primary data is manipulated before collection.
False
Fill in the blank: Primary data is ________ collected first hand.
[original data]
Fill in the blank: Secondary data is information from ________ sources.
[published]
What are the two types of primary data?
Quantitative and qualitative
What does quantitative data involve?
Numbers and counting
What does qualitative data involve?
Subjective judgments
Why is it important to consider data needs when designing an investigation?
To ensure data collected is reliable and accurate
Typically, what type of data tends to be quantitative?
Physical data
Typically, what type of data tends to be qualitative?
Human data
What should you consider regarding sample size in data collection?
How many measurements will you be taking and why
How does increasing the number of measurements affect data reliability?
More measurements usually mean more reliable data
What is a transect in the context of data collection?
A line along which data is collected
What factors should you consider regarding survey locations?
Where to collect data and how far apart locations will be
How can you ensure the accuracy of your data?
By completing more questionnaires and calculating an average, median, or mode
Fill in the blank: Physical data tends to be _______.
Quantitative
Fill in the blank: Human data tends to be _______.
Qualitative
What is the definition of random sampling?
Samples are chosen at random so that every person in a questionnaire survey has an equal chance of being selected.
What is systematic sampling?
Working to a system to collect data, for example, every 20 metres or paces along a road, or every 5th person.
What characterizes stratified sampling?
Deliberately introducing a bias to ensure that the data reflects the diversity of a population.
Fill in the blank: In random sampling, every person has an equal chance of being _______.
[selected]
True or False: Stratified sampling does not consider the diversity of a population.
False
In systematic sampling, data is collected at regular intervals such as every _______.
[20 metres or 5th person]
What is the purpose of stratified sampling?
To ensure that the data reflects the diversity of a population.
Describe a method of systematic sampling.
Collecting data every 20 metres or every 5th person.
What is analysis?
Analysis involves examining data to identify patterns, trends, and anomalies.
What is the first step to analyse your results?
Identify patterns and trends in your results, and describe them.
What is the second step to analyse your results?
Make links between different sets of data.
What is the third step to analyse your results?
Identify anomalies - unusual data that do not fit the general pattern of results.
What should you explain regarding patterns you are sure about?
Explain reasons for patterns you are sure about, such as positive impacts of regeneration.
What should you suggest regarding patterns you are unsure about?
Suggest possible reasons for patterns you are unsure about, such as unexplained changes in results.
Fill in the blank: To analyse your results, you need to identify _______.
patterns and trends
True or False: Anomalies are data that fit the general pattern of results.
False
What example is given for a process operating in a town or city?
Positive impacts of regeneration.
What is the first enquiry question regarding river characteristics?
How does the depth and river load change across the bend of a river?
This question explores the spatial variations in river depth and sediment load along a river bend.
What hypothesis is made about the depth of the river?
The river is deeper on the outside bend than the inside.
This hypothesis is based on the concept of erosion occurring more on the outside bend due to increased energy.
What hypothesis is made about the river load?
The river load is larger on the inside bend than the outside.
This hypothesis is attributed to increased deposition and decreased erosion on the inside bend.
What geographical theory underpins the hypothesis about river depth?
The river should be deeper on the outside bend than the inside bend as there is more erosion taking place due to decreased friction.
Increased energy on the outside bend leads to greater erosion.
What geographical theory supports the hypothesis about river load?
The river load should be larger on the inside bend as there is less erosion and more deposition due to increased friction.
The reduced energy on the inside bend allows for sediment to settle.
What is the first step in the data collection methods?
Measure the width of the river using a tape measure.
This measurement is taken from where the water meets the bank on one side to the opposite bank.
What should be ensured while measuring the width of the river?
The tape is taut and not twisted.
It is important to measure across the surface of the water, not in the water.
How many depth measurements are taken, and why?
10 different measurements are taken to account for variation in channel depth.
A single measurement would not be representative of the overall depth.
What was the total width measured for the river?
8 metres.
This width was divided into 10 equal parts to provide measurement intervals.
What is the interval distance calculated for depth measurements?
0.8 m (80 cm).
This interval allows for systematic sampling across the channel.
What method is used to measure the depth of the river?
A metre rule is used from the water surface to the river bed.
Depth is recorded in centimeters.
How is the size of the river load measured?
A random sample of bedload is taken and measured using a calliper.
The long axis of each piece is measured in millimeters.
Fill in the blank: The systematic sample interval used for measuring both depth and load was _______.
80 cm.
This systematic approach helps to ensure consistent sampling across the river channel.
What is the trend regarding the depth of the river?
Overall, the depth increases from the inside bank to the outside bank of the river.
Example: On the inside bank, the depth starts at 2cm, whereas on the most outer bank, the depth is 38cm.
What is the evidence for the depth trend in the river?
The depth starts at 2cm on the inside bank and reaches 38cm on the outer bank.
Measurement site 8/10 recorded the deepest point at 42cm.
What anomaly is observed in the depth of the river?
The deepest point of the river is not at the most outer bank but at measurement site 8/10 measuring 42cm in depth.
This contradicts the expected trend.
What is the trend observed in the sediment size analysis?
There is a negative correlation between the depth of the river and the mean sediment size.
Sediment size decreases from the inner bank (675mm) to the outer bank (50mm).
What is the evidence for the sediment size analysis trend?
The deepest part of the river has the smallest sediment size, with sizes of 675mm on the inner bank and 50mm on the outer bank.
This supports the correlation found.
What anomaly is found in the sediment size analysis?
The biggest sediment size was not found on the inner bank but at site 7/10, measuring 750mm.
This is contrary to the expected pattern.
What trend is observed in the sediment roundness analysis?
Roundness increases from the inner to outer bank.
Sediment on the inner bank measured 3/6, while on the outer bank it measured 4/6.
What is the evidence for the roundness trend in sediment?
Sediment on the inner bank scored 3/6 on a roundness scale, and on the outer bank, it scored 4/6.
This indicates an increase in roundness.
What anomaly is noted in the sediment roundness analysis?
The most round sediment was found in the middle of the river, rating 5/6 on the scale.
This finding is unexpected based on the trend.
How does the depth of the river relate to geographical theory?
It aligns with the theory that the river is deepest on the outside bend and shallowest on the inside bend, explaining meander formation.
This supports the understanding of river dynamics.
What does the sediment size analysis indicate in relation to geographical theory?
It is coherent with the theory that sediment is smallest on the outer bend due to more erosion, greater depth, less friction, and faster flow.
This reflects the expected behavior of river sediments.
What can you conclude about sediment size on the inner and outer bends of a river?
Sediment is smallest on the outer bend due to more erosion and largest on the inner bend due to more deposition.
This is consistent with geographical theory regarding river dynamics.
What is the hypothesis regarding the depth of the river on the outside bend?
The river is deeper on the outside bend.
This hypothesis was confirmed by measurements showing depths up to 44cm on the outer bend.
What were the depth measurements on the inside bend of the river?
Depth ranged from 2cm at site 1 to 33cm at site 5.
Measurements indicate significant variation in depth on the inside bend.
What was the maximum depth recorded on the outer bend of the river?
44cm at site 8.
This measurement supports the hypothesis that the outer bend is deeper.
What was the result of the hypothesis regarding sediment load on the inside bend?
The sediment load was larger on the inside bend.
Measurements indicated sizes of 678mm and 562mm on the inner bend compared to 87mm and 91mm on the outer bend.
What were the largest sediment measurements recorded on the inside bend?
678mm and 562mm.
These measurements were taken along the longest axis of three pieces of bedload.
What were the sediment measurements on the outer bend?
87mm and 91mm.
These measurements demonstrate the smaller size of sediment on the outer bend.
What is the purpose of the evaluation in the enquiry process?
To reflect on the process of collecting data and the overall quality of the results and conclusions.
Evaluation is crucial for understanding the reliability of findings.
Fill in the blank: The process of __________ is crucial for assessing the quality of results and conclusions.
evaluation
Evaluation helps identify any issues in the data collection process.
True or False: The flow is slowest on the outer bend of a river.
False.
The flow is slowest on the inner bend due to more friction and shallower water.
What alternative data presentation could have been used in the study?
Bar chart.
Various types of data presentation can enhance understanding of the results.
What is a limitation of data collected?
The sample was done once, so it wasn’t reliable.
This suggests that data may not accurately represent the broader context or population.
What are potential sources of error in data collection methods?
Human error, equipment used, and sample size.
These factors can significantly affect the accuracy and reliability of the results.
How could random sampling within systematic sampling introduce errors?
Rocks may not be picked up specifically from that depth each time.
This variability can lead to inconsistent data.
What equipment was used to measure sediment size?
A calliper.
This tool’s accuracy can be affected by human error.
What scale was used to measure the roundness of the sediment?
Power’s Index of Roundness scale.
This scale is subjective and could affect the reliability of the measurements.
What could improve the reliability of sediment roundness measurements?
Having more choices in the roundness scale.
More options would allow for a more precise categorization of sediment roundness.
What time of day was the survey completed?
During the morning.
Repeating the survey at different times could yield more reliable data.
What is suggested to increase the reliability of data collection in terms of location?
Measuring data at different sites of the river.
This approach provides a more comprehensive understanding of the river’s characteristics.
Why could human error affect the measurement of depth?
Measurements were taken using a metre rule and our own eyes.
This method may lead to inaccuracies in data collection.
What is a suggestion for improving the accuracy of depth measurements?
Having at least 2 students read the depth.
This helps to minimize individual measurement errors.
What is one suggestion for additional data that might be useful?
Collecting data at different times of day and different river sites.
This would provide a broader dataset for analysis.
True or False: The sample size was large enough to be representative of the whole river.
False.
The sample was small and only from one part of the river.
Fill in the blank: Human error could have contributed to the results as we measured the depth using a _______.
metre rule.
Accuracy in measurements is crucial for reliable data.
What are the impacts of tourism on Keswick?
Tourism has positive and negative impacts on Keswick, including economic benefits and environmental damage
Positive impacts include economic growth and job creation, while negative impacts include litter and footpath erosion.
What is the multiplier effect in tourism?
The multiplier effect refers to the process by which tourism increases spending in the local economy, leading to more services, facilities, and job opportunities
This effect improves facilities for locals and raises the standard of living.
How do tourists contribute to litter in Keswick?
An increase in tourists can lead to an increase in litter due to more people visiting
This is a significant environmental concern in tourist-heavy areas.
What environmental issues are caused by increased traffic from tourism?
Increased traffic from tourism can lead to higher carbon dioxide levels, contributing to climate change
This is part of the enhanced greenhouse effect.
What is footpath erosion, and how is it related to tourism?
Footpath erosion occurs due to the sheer volume of tourists, damaging the natural landscape
This is particularly evident in rural areas.
What data collection methods were used to study tourism in Keswick?
Surveys and environmental quality surveys were conducted to assess the impact of tourism
Surveys included questions about the purpose of visit, method of transport, and time spent in Keswick.
What types of questions were included in the surveys conducted in Keswick?
The surveys were multiple choice with an ‘other’ option for most questions
There was a selection of options to choose from.
How many sites were investigated for environmental quality in Keswick?
22 different sites were investigated for environmental quality
This included measuring litter, vandalism, noise, space, building repair, and air quality.
What scale was used to measure environmental quality at the sites in Keswick?
A scale of 0-4 was used, with 0 being the best and 4 being the worst
This allowed for a standardized comparison of environmental quality.
What was done with the data collected from the environmental quality surveys?
An average EQS score for each site was produced for comparison
This was based on the averages of the variables measured by groups of students.
What is the main purpose of your visit?
Main purposes include:
* Tourism
* Social
* Shopping
* Cultural
* Work
* Outdoors
* Resident
* Other
Percentages indicate the distribution of responses.
How did you travel here?
Travel methods include:
* Car
* Coach
* Bus
* Train
* Motorbike
* Cycle
* Other
Percentages indicate the distribution of responses.
What is the primary purpose of the environmental quality survey?
To find out the environmental conditions and assess any damaging factors.
What equipment is mentioned for conducting the fieldwork?
Fieldwork booklet and pencil.
What methodology is used in the environmental quality survey?
Description of activities performed during the survey.
Fill in the blank: The fieldwork booklet is used for _______.
[recording data and observations].
What is the significance of dividing participants into groups during the survey?
To manage the survey activities effectively.
True or False: The survey includes measuring air quality.
True.
What aspect of litter is measured in the environmental quality survey?
Litter abundance.
Fill in the blank: The survey aims to measure impacts on the _______.
[environment].
What kind of questions might the survey include?
Questions regarding travel patterns and environmental conditions.
What justification is provided for conducting the environmental quality survey?
To assess if there are damaging factors affecting the environment.
