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Functional Anatomy > upper limbs and muscles > Flashcards

upper limbs and muscles Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

classification of joint movement

immovable
semi-movable
fully-movable

A

immovale: synarthroses (joints of the skull & pelvic joints)
semi-moveabl: amphiarthrosis (intervertebral joints and pubic symphysis)
fully-moveable: diaorthosis (elbows, hips, knees)

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3
Q

classification of joint structure

A

fibrous: immovable no joint space, structures of the skull
cartilaginous: band of thick cartlidge
synovial: synovial fluid

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4
Q

degrees of freedom

A

3 translational DoFs
foward/ back.
up down (sup/inf)
left/right (med/lat).
3 rotational DoFs
sagittal axis
frontal axis
transverse axis

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5
Q

sternoclavicular joint

A

synovial saddle
DoF:2
limits superior and lateral displacement of clavicle

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6
Q

acromioclavicular joint

A

synovial plane
restriction to overhead arm movements

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7
Q

scapulothoracic joint

A

allow for smooth movement
allows arm to abduct beyond the 120 degrees allowed by the genohumeral joint alone.
protraction/ retraction (ab&ad)
superior and inferior (up and down)
elevation and depression

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8
Q
A

serratus anterior:
origin: external surfaces of the lateral ribs 1-8
insertion: anterior surfaces of the medial border of the scapula
action: protract sthe scapula and holds it against the thoracic wall; rotates the scapula in an upward direction
innervation: long thoracic nerve

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9
Q
A

pec major
Origin - Clavicular Head: Anterior surface of the
medial half of the clavicle
Sternocostal head: anterior surface of the sternum,
superior six costal cartlidges , aponeurosis of the
external oblique muscle.
Insertion - Lateral lip of the intertubercular groove
of the humerus .
Actions - Adducts and medially rotates the
humerus; draws the scapula anteriorly and
inferiorly. Acting alone the clavicular head flexes
the humerus, and the sternocostal head will
extend the humerus from a flexed position
Innervation – Lateral and Medical Pectoral Nerves.
Clavicular head (C5, C6), Sternocostal head ( C7,
C8, & T1).

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10
Q
A

Origin – Ant. Surface of ribs 3,4 & 5
Insertion – Coracoid Process of the Scapula
Action – Anchors, depresses and protracts the
scapula
Innervation – Medial Pectoral n. (C8, T1

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11
Q

middle fibers of the trapezius

A

Origin: Spinous processes of the first-
fifth thoracic vertebrae.
* Insertion: Medial margin of the
acromion and superior lip of the spine
of the scapula.
* Action: Retracts the scapula
* Innervation: Spinal Accessory
Nerves (CN XI)

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12
Q
A

rhomboids
Origin: Spinous processes of the thoracic
vertebrae 2-5 (Major). Ligamenteum
Nuchae, spinous process of the 7th
cervical and 1st thoracic vertebrae (Minor)
* Insertion: By fibrous attachment to the
medial border of the scapula between the
spine and inferior angle (Major). Medial
border of the scapula, at the root of the
spine of the scapula. (Minor)
* Action: Adducts and elevates the
scapula, downwardly rotates the scapula
* Innervation: Dorsal Scapular nerve (C4,
C5)

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13
Q

what muscles elevate the scapula

A

rhomboids
trapezius
levator scapula

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14
Q

upper fibers of the trapezius

A

Origin: External occipital
protuberance, medial 1/3 of the
superior nuchal line, ligamentum
nuchae and spinous process of the 7th
cervical vertebrae.
* Insertion: Lateral 1/3 of the of the
clavicle and acromion process of the
scapula.
* Action: Elevates the scapula
* Innervation: Spinal Accessory
Nerves (CN XI)

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15
Q
A

Origin:
– Transverse processes of the first 4
cervical vertebrae.
* Insertion:
– Medial border of the scapula,
between the superior angle and the
root of the spine.
* Action:
– Elevates scapula and assists with
downward rotation of the scapula.
– Can also assist with lateral flexion of
the c-spine (unilaterally) or extension
of the c-spine (bilaterally), if the
scapula is stabilized by other
muscles.
* Innervation:
– Cervical 3 & 4, and Dorsal Scapular
nerve (C4, C5)

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16
Q

rhomboids

A

Origin (Major):
– Spinous processes of the thoracic
vertebrae 2-5.
* Insertion (Major):
– By fibrous attachment to the medial
border of the scapula between the spine
and inferior angle.
* Origin (Minor):
– Ligamenteum Nuchae, spinous process
of the 7th cervical and 1st thoracic
vertebrae
* Insertion (Minor):
– Medial border of the scapula, at the root
of the spine of the scapula.
* Action:
– Adducts and elevates scapula.
– Downward rotation of the scapula
* Innervation:
dorsal scapula nerve

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17
Q

lower fibers of the trapezius

A

Origin: Spinous processes of the 6th-12th
thoracic vertebrae.
* Insertion: Tubercle at the apex of the
spine of the scapula.
Action: Depresses the scapula and
retracts scapula
* Innervation: Spinal Accessory
Nerves (CN XI)

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18
Q
A

subclavius
Origin – Junction of 1st rib and its costal
cartlidge
Insertion – Inferior surface of the middle third
of the clavicle
Action – Anchors and depresses the scapula
Innervation – Nerve to subclavius (C5, C6)

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19
Q
A
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20
Q

shoulder pain

A

supraspinatus
instability- overuse- rotator cuff tendinopathy
swelling decreased subacromial space- impingement

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21
Q

what casues paralysis of serratus anterior

A

long thoracic nerve
-innervates teh serratus antierior
-damaged by traction on neck or shoulder or by blunt trauma

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22
Q

nerve entrapment

A

suprascapula nerve entrapement
-nerve passes through suprascapular notch and supplies the supraspinatus and infraspinatus mucles
-most commonly caused by extremes of scapular motion associated with throwing

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23
Q

glenohumeral joint

A

greatest ROM of all the joints in the body

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24
Q
A

deltoid
Origin: Anterior border and
upper surface of the lateral
1/3 of the clavicle, acromion
and the spine of the scapula
* Insertion: Deltoid
tuberosity of the humerus.
* Action: Abduction, Flexion
and Extension of the
shoulder.
* Innervation: Axillary Nerve
(C5, C6).

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25
coracobrachialis Origin: Tip of the coracoid process of the scapula Insertion: middle 1/3 of the medial surface of the humerus. Innervation: Musculocutaneous Nerve (C5, C6, C7). Action: Flexes and adducts the shoulder joint.
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lattismius dorsi Origin: Spinous processes of inferior 6 thoracic vertebrae, throaco-lumbar fascia, iliac crest, and inferior 3-4 ribs. Insertion: Floor of the intertubercular groove. Action: Extends, adducts and medially rotates humerus; raises body toward arms during climbing. Assists in tilting pelvis anteriorly and laterally, acting bilaterally, assists in hyperextending the spine depending on the orientation of the pelvis. Innervation: Thoracodorsal
27
# teres major
Origin: Posterior aspect of the inferior angle of the scapula * Insertion: Medial lip of the bicipital grove * Action: adduction at the shoulder joint, medial rotation of the shoulder joint. Extend the shoulder from a flexed position. * Innervation: Lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6).
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internal vs external rotators
internal rotators are able to produce more force becuase of the cross-sectional area of the internal rotators
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for every _ degrees of motion that occur at the _joint _occurs at the scapulothoracic joint 60 120
For every 2 degrees of motion that occurs at the glenohumeral joint, 1 degree occurs at the scapulothoracic joint
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tendinopathy
tendons become inflammed due to overuse and repetitive impingement biceps repture and supraspinatus repture
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biceps brachii
Origin: Supraglenoid Tubercle of the Scapula. * (SH) - Tip of the Coracoid Process * Insertion: Radial Tuberosity and fascia of the forearm via the bicipital aponeurosis. * Action: Supinates forearm and flexes the elbow. Short head resists dislocation of the shoulder * Innervation: Musculocutaneous Nerve. (C5, C6, C7).
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Origin: Distal ½ of the anterior surface of the humerus.  Insertion: Coronoid process and tuberosity of the ulna. * Action: Flexes the elbow in all positions. Innervation: Musculocutaneous Nerve (C5, C6, C7). Small branch from Radial Nerve (C5,
33
brachioradialis
Origin: Proximal 2/3 of lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus * Insertion: Lateral surface of distal end of radius * Action: Flexes elbow joint, especially in semi-pronated position. * Innervation: Radial nerve (C5, C6 and C7)
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extensors of the elbow
triceps brachii anconeus
35
Origin: Long Head – infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula. * Lateral Head – Posterior surface of the humerus, superior to the radial grove. * Medial Head – Posterior surface of the humerus, inferior to the radial groove. * Insertion: Proximal end of the olecranon of the ulna and fascia of the forearm. * Action: Primary extensor of the elbow joint. Long head resists dislocation of the shoulder, especially during adduction. Innervation: radial nerve (C6, C7, C8)
36
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus. * Insertion: Lateral surface of the olecranon and superior part of the posterior surface of the ulna. * Action: Assists triceps in extending the elbow, stabilizes the elbow joint, may abduct the ulna during pronation. * Innervation: radial nerve (C7, C8, T1)
37
supinator Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus, radial collateral and annular ligaments, supinator fossa and crest of ulna * Insertion: Lateral, posterior and anterior surfaces of proximal 1/3 of radius * Action: Supinates forearm (i.e., rotates radius to turn palm anteriorly) * Innervation: Deep branch of radial nerve (C7, C8).
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pronator quadratus Origin: Distal ¼ of anterior surface of the ulna * Insertion: Distal 1/4 of anterior surface of radius * Action: Pronates forearm; deep fibers bind radius and ulna together * Innervation: Anterior interosseous nerve from median nerve (C8 and T1)
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pronator teres Origin: Humeral head: Medial Epicondyle of the humerus. * Ulnar Head: Coronoid process of the ulna. * Insertion: Middle convexity of the lateral surface of the radius * Action: Pronates the Forearm and Flexes the Elbow * Innervation: Median Nerve (C6 & C7)
40
radiocarpal joint legaments
1. Posterior (Dorsal) Ligament * Restrains flexion 2. Anterior (Palmar) Ligament * Restrains extension 3. Radial Collateral Ligament * Restrains ulnar deviation 4. Ulnar Collateral Ligament * Restrains radial deviation
41
carpal tunnel
created by fexor retinaculum 4 pillars -hook of hamate -pisiform -ridge of the trapezium -scaphoid 9 tendons 1 nerve
42
flexor carpi radialis
Origin: Medial Epicondyle of the humerus. * Insertion: Base of the 2nd Metacarpal * Action: Flexes & radially deviates Wrist Joint * Innervation: Median Nerve (C6 & C7)
43
flexor carpi ulnairs Origin: Humeral Head- Medial Epicondyle of the humerus. * Ulnar Head – Olecranon and posterior border of the Ulna. * Insertion: Pisiform, hook of the hamate and 5th metacarpal bone * Action: Flexes & ulnarlly deviates Wrist Joint * Innervation: Ulnar Nerve (C7 & C8)
44
palmaris longous
Origin: Medial Epicondyle of the humerus. * Insertion: Distal half of the flexor retinaculum and palmar aponeurosis.  Action: Flexes the wrist and tightens the palmar aponeurosis. * Innervation: Median Nerve (C7 & C8
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extensor carpi radialis longus Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus * Insertion: Base of 2nd metacarpal * Action: Extend and radially deviates the wrist joint * Innervation: Radial nerve (C6 and C7)
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extensor carpi radialis brevis Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus * Insertion: Base of 3rd metacarpal * Action: Extend and radially deviates the wrist joint * Innervation: Deep branch of radial nerve (C7, C8)
47
extensor carpi ulnaris Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus and posterior border of ulna * Insertion: Base of 5th metacarpal * Action: Extends and ulnarlly hand at wrist joint * Innervation: Deep branch of radial nerve (C7, C8)
48
MCL LCL
medial collateral ligament: provides resistance to valgus forces lateral collateral ligament: provides resistance to varus forces (out)
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elbow instability
dislocation= elbow dislocations or subuxations are the result of FOOSH excessive strain tommy john surgery- reconstruction of the UCL usually replaced with the tendon of the palmaris longus amongis baseball players
51
intrinsic vs extrinsic muscles
extrinsic muscles have their origin on the forearm and have long tendons that insert onto the hand intrinsic muscles originate inside the gand onto the hand 4 main groups: lumbericules interossei thenar muscles hypothenar
52
extensor digitorum Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus Insertion: Extensor expansions of medial four digits Innervation: Deep Branch of the Radial Nerve (C7, C8). Action: Extends medial four digits at metacarpophalangeal joints; Extends hand at wrist joint
53
extensor digiti mini Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus Insertion: Extensor expansion of 5th digit Innervation: Deep Branch of the Radial Nerve (C7, C8). Action: Extends 5th digit at metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints
54
flexor digitorum superficialis Origin: Humeroulnar Head- Medial Epicondyle of the humerus, ulnar collateral ligament, and coronoid process of the ulna; Radial head –superior half of the anterior border of the radius. Insertion: Shafts of the middle phalanges of digits 2-5. Innervation: Median Nerve (C7 & C8, T1) Action: Flexes middle phalanges a the PIP joints. With stronger contractions it can also flex MCP joints, and the wrist joint.
55
flexor difitorum profundus Origin: proximal 3/4 of medial and anterior surfaces of ulna and interosseous membrane Insertion: Base of the distal phalanx of digits 2- 5 Innervation: Medial part: ulnar nerve (C8 and T1); Lateral part: anterior interosseous branch of median nerve (C8 and T1) (C8, T1) Action: Flexes distal phalanges at distal interphalangeal joints of medial four digits; assists with flexion of the wrist
56
56
extensor indicis Origin: Posterior surface of ulna and interosseous membrane Insertion: Extensor expansion of 2nd digit Innervation: Posterior interosseous nerve (C7 and C8), the continuation of the deep branch of the radial nerve (C7, C8) Action: Extends 2nd digit and helps to extend hand at the wrist joint
57
flexor pollicis longus Origin: Anterior surface of radius and adjacent interosseous membrane. Insertion: Base of distal phalanx of thumb Innervation: Anterior interosseous nerve from median nerve (C8 and T1) (C8, T1) Action: Flexes phalanges of 1st digit (thumb)
58
adductor pollicis longus Origin: Posterior surfaces of ulna, radius and interosseous membrane Insertion: Base of 1st metacarpal Innervation: Posterior interosseous nerve (C7 and C8), the continuation of the deep branch of the radial nerve Action: Abducts thumb and extends it at carpometacarpal joint
59
extensor pollicis longus Origin: Posterior surface of middle 1/3 of ulna and interosseous membrane Insertion: Base of distal phalanx of thumb Innervation: Posterior interosseous nerve (C7 and C8), the continuation of the deep branch of the radial nerve. Action: Extends distal phalanx of thumb at carpometacarpal and interphalangeal joints
60
61
extensor pollicis brevis Origin: Posterior surfaces of radius and interosseous membrane Insertion: Base of proximal phalanx of thumb Innervation: Posterior interosseous nerve (C7 and C8), the continuation of the deep branch of the radial nerve Action: Extends proximal phalanx of thumb at carpometacarpal joint
62
anatomical snuff box
EPL (extensor pollicis longus) anatomical snuff box EPB medial view of pronated hand extensor pollicis brevis tendon
63
7 interossi
-3 palmar (adduct) -4 dorsal (abduct) Origin: shafts of the metacarpals Insertion: Bone & extensor expansion of the proximal phalanges of 2-5. Innervation: Deep branch of the ulnar nerve (C8, T1) Action: adduct & abduct
64
4 lumbericals
Origin: (1st & 2nd) Lateral two tendons of FDP (as unipennate muscles). (3rd & 4th) Medial three tendons of FDP (as bipennate muscles). Insertion: Lateral sides of the extensor expensions of the 2nd-5th digits. Innervation: (1 & 2) Median Nerve (C8, T1), (3 & 4) Deep branch of the ulnar nerve (C8, T1). Action: *** Flexes MCPs, and extend IP joints 2nd-5th digits. ***
65
hypothenars
Origin: medial pillars of flexor retinaculum & retinaculum Insertion: 1) Abductor Digiti Minimi medial base of proximal phalanx 2) Flexor Digiti Minimi anteromedial base of proximal phalanx 3) Opponens Digiti Minimi medial border of 5th metacarpal Nerve: ulnar ONE OTHER MUSCLE –Palmaris Brevis
66
thenar muscles
Origin: anterior ridge of 3rd metacarpal Insertions: anteriomedial base of proximal phalanx Action: adduct can flex thumb MP joint also Nerve: ULNAR 2 heads - transverse - oblique radial artery passes between
67
mallet injury
caused by direct force of the tip of the finger
68
carpal tunnel syndrome loss of entrophy due to lack of use of the thenar muscles from impingement of the transverse carpal ligament median nerve

Functional Anatomy (25 decks)

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