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Functional Anatomy > lecture 10- 21 > Flashcards

lecture 10- 21 Flashcards

1
Q

spine anatomy

A

8 pairs cervicle
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
coccygeal 1

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2
Q

motor and descending ()
sensory and ascending ()

A

efferent
afferent

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3
Q

axillary nerve

A

shoulder dislocation

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4
Q

radial nerve injury

A

can be injured with a mid-humeral fracture

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5
Q

ulnar

A

can be entrapped at the elbow or the wrist

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6
Q

median

A

entrapped at the cubital fossa, or pronator teres, carpal tunnel

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7
Q

musclocutaneous nerve damage

A

(elbow/ shoulder flexion)
entrapped at caracobrachails

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8
Q
A

elbow flexion with the forearm supinated
musclocutaneous nerve

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9
Q
A

elbow flexion with the forearm pronated
radial nerve

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10
Q

waiters tip deformity

A

Erb’s palsy results from injury to nerve roots C5 and C6, with C7
arm hangs limply from the shoulder with internal rotation of the forearm plus wrist and finger flexion
radial nerve m

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11
Q
A

damage to your ulnar nerve, which controls muscles in your ring and pinkie fingers. If your ulnar nerve is damaged, the muscles it controls don’t get some or all of the electrical signals that tell them to straighten

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12
Q

what actions can we perform with our shoulder gridle

A

elevation/depression
upward/ downward
rotation
protraction / retraction

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13
Q

intervertable joints

A

articulation between adjacent vertebral bodies
type: cartilaginous
movement: minimal/ slight

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14
Q

movements of the spine

A

extension/ flexion
lateral flexion and extension
rotation of teh head and neck
rotation of the upper trunk

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15
Q

what motions are possible at the cervicle spine? joints?

A

flexion/ extension, lateral flexion, rotation
atlanto-occipitial joint
atlanto-axial joint

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16
Q

sternocleidomastoid

A

origin: mandbrium and medial portion of the clacivle
insertion: mastoid process of the temporal bone, superior nuchal line
innervation:accessory nerve
actions:unilaterally contralateral cervical rotation, ipsilateral flexion of the cervicle head
bilaterally: cervicle flexion, assists with forced exhalation by elevating the sternum

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17
Q

scales

A

scalnes
(ant, middle, post)
origin: cervicle vertebrae (C2-C7)
insertion: first and second ribs
innervation: cervicle nerves (C3-C6)
actions: elevtation of the first and second ribs. lateral flexion of the neck. assists with forced inhalation

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18
Q

errector spine muscles

A

illocostalis: most lateral group, extends and laterally flexes the vertebral column
longissimus: middle group, extends and laterally flexes vertebral column
spinalis: most medial extends vertebral column

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19
Q

illiocostralis& longissimus thoracic portion

A

75% slow twicth fibers (type 1= mitchondria dominated)
line of action is parallel to spine
greatest mechanical advatnage for extension

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20
Q

lumbar portion of the errector spine

A

even mixed slow and fast twitch fibers
line of action oblique (posteriorcaudal)
extension of the vertebrea
create shear forces against anterior shear forces during flexion
note* oblique line is lost during flexion

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21
Q

netural lumbar spine versus flexed lumbar spine

A

netural spine- oblique 45 degree angle from the spine. resistance between anterior shear force provides acceptable levels of compression
flexed lumbar spine compressive force is much greater compressing verterbral column together and can cause repture to disc no resistance to anterior shear force provides excessive leveles of compression

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22
Q

RDLs

A

flextion with posterior hip rotation= lumbar spine is flexed; at risk of repturing disk cant counteract anterior shear force
versus
without: netrual healthy shear force

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23
Q

nerve supply to the errector spinae

A

posterior root ganglion
anterior root
posterior ramus: innervates deep back of spinal nerves
anterior ramus: upper limbs of lower back

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24
Q
A

multifidus
span of only a few vertebrae
extension but… forces affect only local areas of the spine. thereforce, provide ability for corrections at specific joints

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25
rotators usually descirbed as rotators of the spine. but so small that contribution to twisting is limited have a propreceptive function (brain telling us hwere our spine is in space)
26
quadratus lumborum origin: illiac crest and illiolumbar ligament insertion: base of 12th rib and transverse proceses of the lumabr vertbrea innervation: ventral rami of T12-L4 action: unilaterally= lateral flexion of the vertbral column bilaterally: depression of the rib cage help stabilize lumbar spine
27
rectus abdominis
origin: crest of the pubis insertion: costal cartlidges of ribs 5-7, xiphod process innervation: thoracic abdominal nerves T7-T1 and subcostal nerve T12 actions: flexion of the lumbar spine made up of tendoincles insertions (muscle belly) allows us to flex down pulls the spine into flexion, allows for greater fold and range of motion
28
external oblique
origin: ribs 5-12 insertion: illiac crest, pubic tubercule, linea alba innervation: thoracoabdominal nerves T7-11 and subcostal nerve T12 actions: contralateral rotation of torso runs medially
29
internal oblique
origin: ingunial ligament, iliac crest and the lumbodorsal fascia insertion: linea alba, and ribs 10-12 innervation: thoracabdominal T7-T11 subcostal actions: unilaterally ipsilateral trunk rotation bilaterally: compresses abdomnen fiber direction- runs upward
30
transverse abdominus
origin: iliac crest, inguinal ligament, thoracolumbar fascia, and costal cartlidges 7-12 insertion: xiphoid process, linea alba, pubic crest innervation: thoracoabdominal T7-T11 subcostal T12 iliohypogastric L1 and illioinguinal L1 actions: cpmpresses abdominal caviy
31
movements of the spine
A. flexion (starting from extended position) B. netural c. extension (starting from flexed position) d. lateral flexion bends to opposite e. rotation contract to rotate to the left
32
draw the brachial plexus
33
vertebrae review
cervicle 7 vertebrae thoracic 12 vertebrae lumbar 5 vertebrae sacrum 5 vertbrae coccyx 1 vertebrae
34
35
direction of fascets
cervicle= SAF posteriorup IAF= anterior down outward slightly thoracic= SAF= posteriorly IAF= in frontal plane lumbar= SAR= medially IAF= sagiattal plane *ONLY THE THORACIC ARE ARTICULAR FASECT FOR RIBS*
36
atlanto-occipital joint
articulation between the atlas and the occipital bone pair of joints type: synovial subtype: condyloid movements: flexion and extension 10-15 degrees slight lateral motion
37
atlantoaxial joint
articulation of the atlas C1 and the axis C2 type synovial sub-type: pivot movements: rotation of the head 50 degress
38
unconvertebral joint
luschkas joint articualtions between vertebral body of C3-C7 and the uncinate process type: synovial & cartilaginous movement: flexion extension and some rotation prevents any excessive bending
39
costavertebral and costotransverse joints
costovertebral joints: articulation between the head of the rib and the body of the thoracic vertebrae costotansverse joint: articualtion between the tubercule of the rib with the transverse process of the thoercic vertebrae synovial plane joints allows glidling to move ribs superiorly and posteriorly, to increase the volume of the ribcage
40
zygapophyseal facet joint
articualtion between the inferior articulating facet of the superior vertebrae to the superior articualting facet of the inferior vertbrae synovial movements: guide and limits the movements of the segments of spinal column prevents hyper-extension, hyperflexion and herniation of intervertbral discs
41
intervertebral joint
articualtion between adjacent vertebral bodies type: cartilaginous movement: minimal/ slight movement
42
lumbrosacral joint
articualtion between L5 and the first segment of the sacrum S1 L5-S1 type: cartilaginous symphysis movement: slight movement
43
sacroiliac joint
articualtion between the coxal bone and the sacrum type: synovial plane in children cartilaginous- adult movement very slight movement
44
spine ROM
2-3 between each flexion-40 -60 degrees extension- 20-35 lateral-15-20 rotation-3-18
45
intervertebral discs
aka- cartlidge each disc consists of an outer annulus fibrosus (several layers of fibrocartlidge) and an inner nucleus pulposes (loose fibers suspended in a mucoprotein) shock absorber: pressure distrubted evenly across disc
46
cues of vertebral column
born with a kyphotic c-shaped spine S-shaped each curve has 20-40 degrees in the cervicle spine 20-40 degrees T spine 30-50 degrees in L spine
47
development of spinal curvature
lordotic curve- concave development occurs- when an infant lifts their head when an infant learns to walk kyphotic curve- convex development occurs during fetal development
48
ligaments
cruciate= cross shaped transverse ligament on atlas strongest part of the cruciate
49
interspinous ligament
connnects adjacant posterior spines alrge angle of obliquity limit flexion helps facet joints stay in contact
50
ligamentum flava
connects lamine of vertebrae 80% elastin, 20% collagen function= limits flexion, highly elastic, elastin prevents buckling into the spinal canal during extension
51
ligaments
posterior and anterior longitudal lig ribbon like attach at vertebral bodies and annulus anterior resists excessive extension posterior resits excessive flexion
52
ligaments supraspnious
connects tips of spinous process fucntion= resists excessive flexion
53
a small angle of insertion
rotary component compressive component main fucntion is stabilization of spine
54
why do we require a strong core
prevents back injuires because the center of mass dips below the hip
55
what actions can we do with the hip
flexion/ extension ab/ad medial/ lateral circumduction
56
what muscules felx the hip
psoas major illiacus minor flexors: rectus femoris, sartorious
57
knee extensors
glute max hamstrings 3 minor hip flexors= gluteus max, adductor magnus
58
hip adductors
adductor magnus adductor longus adductor brevius pectineus gracilis
59
hip abductors
gluteus maximus gluteus medius gluteus minimus tensor fascia lata
60
medial rotators of the hip
gluteus medius gluteus minmius TFL minor: adductor brevius and longus superior portion of adductor magnus
61
actions of gluteus medius
abducts the hip joint anterior fibers medially medially rotate and may help with flexion of the hip posterior fibers laterally rotate and may assist with extension of the hip important role in stabilizing the hip and rotating the plevius during gait
62
lateral rotators of the hip
piriformis gemellus superior obturator internus gamellus inferior quadratus femoris obturator externus others: sartoris
63
64
male vs female Q angle
male= 12 degrees female= 16 degrees
65
hip joint- acetabulum
lined with articualr cartlidge 70% of femur articulates with the acetabulum
66
hip joint: capsule and ligament
capsule surrounds joint (chinese finger puzzle) rinforced by ligaments and psoas muscle tendon 3 ligments blend with capsule -iliofemoral pubofemoral ischiofemoral
67
lumbar plexus
femoral nerve L2-L4 primarily supplies quadriceps group Obturator Nerve L2-L4 primarily supplies the Adductor group
68
Sacral plexus
sciatic nerve L4-S3 in the posterior thigh the nerve consists of two distinct portions: tibial n & common fibular (peroneal) Responsible for the hamstring group and the muscles of the leg
69
ischiofemoral
located on posterior side resists: extension, adduction and internal rotation
70
movement flexion/ extension
flexion 120-125 primarily limited by soft tissue greater range of flexion if knees bent otherwise limited by hamstrings hamstrings also cross knee joint. therefore under greater stretch if knee is straight limiting their ability to stretch extension 10-15 limited by anterior portion off joint capsule, hip flexor muscles and ligaments (iliofemoral)
71
pelvofemoral rhythm
posterior and anterior tilt of pelvis with flexion and extension respectively
72
movements adduction abduction meidal& lateral rotation cirumduction
abduction: 30-40 limited by adductor muscles greater Rom if externally rotate femur first (the thigh bone rotates internally toward our midline) adduction 15-30 limited by antagonist muscles and ligaments greater ROM with thigh flexion medial & lateral rotation
73
importance of hip abductors
iliotibial tract avoid paralyzed abductors of the thigh
74
hip injuries
a) head of femur is driven posteriorly, out of acetabulum b) posterior dislocation of right hip joint
75
hip replacement
acetabular component plastic liner femoral head femoral stem
76
what actions are possible at the knee
locking and unlocking the knee femur rotates medially to lock the knee laterally rotates to unlock
77
tibia proximal features fibular facet
medial bone in crural region proximal features: medial and lateral condyles: smooth surfaces for articulation with femur fibular articular facet: articulation site for head of fibula under lateral condyle
78
rough anterior projection inferior to condyles; can be palpated just inferior to the patella for attachment of patellar ligament
tibial tuberosity
79
ridge along anterior surface extending from tuberosity distally; the "shin"
tibial border
80
proximal head with flat articular facet for articulation with the tibia narrow neck and slender shaft distal and expands into lateral malleolus
fibula
81
why do we have a fibula
1) provides a site for muscle attachments 2)I provides lateral stability to the ankle joint 3) with the tibia and fibula has an interosseous membrane (site for muscle attachments)
82
patella
crest mode bone= develops with tendon (2 years) formed through tendon/stress load
83
actions of the knee
flexion: hamstrings, gastrocnemius, sartorius, gracilis extension: quadriceps femoris, rectus femori, vastus (3), popliteus
84
85
LCL
various force pushing on the knee laterally, outside adduction thinner than MCL
86
MCL
valgus force: out force translates knee to the midline ABduction
87
valgus stress test
brace the lateral side pull laterally on the distal shin try to Abduct positive MCL tear= ability to abduct
88
ACL
anterior cruciate ligament provides primary 85% anterior tibial translation tight when knee is in extended position
89
ACL test
pull superior portion calf pull anteriorly shift he tibia anteriorly
90
PCL
primary restraint to posterior movement of the femur
91
contents of the popliteal fossa
tibial nerve common fibular nerve popliteal vein small saphenous vein popliteal artery
92
lumbar plexus
femoral nerve (L2-L4) primarily supplies quadriceps obturator nerve (L2-L4) primarily supply the adductor
93
sacral plexus
sciatic nerve (L4-S3) in the posterior thigh the nerve consitis of two distinct portions: tibial and common fibular nerve (peroneal) responsible for the hamstring group and muscles of the leg
94
soleus
flexed knee: plantar flexion
95
96
lumbar plexus
femoral nerve (L2-L4) primarily supplies quadriceps group obturator nerve (L2-L4) primarily supplies the adductor group
97
sacral plexus
sciatic nerve (L4-S3) in the posterior thigh the nerve consists of two distinct portions: tibial and common fibular (personal nerve) responsible for the hamstrings group muscles for the leg
98
synovial hinge joints
femur, tibia, patella, largest and most complex joint in body with: medial and lateral menisci
99
tibiofemoral joints (menisci)
composed of fibrocartilage wedge shaped with greater thickness in the periphery blood supply to the periphery but not to the inner portion
100
explain: enhance stability shock absorption enhances lubrication of joint limits movement between tibia and femur
enhance stability: deepening the contact surface f the tibia shock absorption: increases contact area between the tibia and femur transmitting force over a larger surface of the joint enhances lubrication of joint: acts as a space-filling mechanism which allows the dispersal of move synovial fluid to surface of the tibia and femur limits movement between tibia and femur: fills in space between tibia and femur by moving posteriorly with flexion a the knee and anteriorly with extension
101
LCL
various=protects against lateral movement (imposed from a force on the medial side)
102
MCL
valgus= protects against medial movement (imposed from a force on the lateral side)
103
ACL
provides the prime 85% restraint against anterior movement of the tibia tight when knee is extended
104
PCL
provides primary restraint to posterior movement of the femur
105
flexion at knee patella moves...
inferiority and towards the lateral condyle of femur
106
popliteal fossa
tibial nerve common fibular nerve (peroneal) popliteal nerve small saphenous vein popliteal artery (femoral artery)
107
gastrocnemius and soleus
crosses knee felt knee: planter flexion knee extended: testing plantar flexion
108
Jugular notch sternal angle at manubriosternal joint xiphisternal joint throastic vertebrae T5-T9
109
veins
blood towards the heart
110
artery's
carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
111
112
diaphragm dome shaped structure comprised of muscle and connective tissue anteriorly it attaches to the diploid process and along the costal margin laterally it attaches to ribs 6-12 posteriorly it attaches to T12, with "legs or crus" that attach the body ofL1 & L2 converges on to central tendon
113
external intercostals internal intercostals
used during quiet and forced inhalation used during forced exhalation

Functional Anatomy (25 decks)

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