upper limbs Flashcards
2 divsions of the body
head neck
appendages (upper lower trunk
axial skeleton
bones of head and trunk
appendicular trunk
bones that support the appendages.
four regions of the upper limb
pectoral girdle
arm
foreman
hand
what bone connects the upper limbs to the trunk
clavicle
what is the medial end of the clavicle attached to
thoracic wall of the trunk at the manubrium
shape of the clavicle
s
what is the lateral end of the clavicle attached to
Lateral end articulates with the scapular acromion
function of the clavicle
The clavicle is a movable strut supporting the scapula and the rest of the upper limb which are suspended from it. Also a site of muscle attachment.
describe the shape of the scapula
shoulder blade , A triangular plate of bone with various bony features including processes, ridges, fossae and other structures.
function of Acromion
articulates the clavicle
function of the Glenoid fossa (G)
socket for the the ball and socket shoulder joint
function of the Scapular spine (Sp)
divides the scapula into the Supraspinous fossa (S) Infraspinous fossa (I)
what aspect of the scapula is closest to the chest wall
Subscapular fossa (Sub.)
what strcutures of the scapila are seen from anterior
Acromion (A)
Coracoid process (C)
Glenoid fossa (G)
Subscapular fossa (Sub.)
from posterior
Acromion (A)
Glenoid fossa (G)
Scapular spine (Sp)
Supraspinous fossa (S)
Infraspinous fossa (I)
what is the second of the scapulas bony articulations
glenohumeral joint
aka
shoulder joint
The glenoid fossa of the scapula articulates with the
humoral head (HH) (the proximal end of the humerus bone)
what is the The Humerus
The bone of the arm
The humerus is a long bone.
what structures does it articulate with proximally
with the glenoid fossa of the scapula to form the shoulder joint
distally
the radius and ulna to form the elbow joint
func of bony features
are sites of attachment for muscles and ligaments
the grooves
accommodate rope-like tendons or nerves
the articulation if the radius and ulna proximal
specialised at proximal end for articulation with the condyles of the humerus
distal
for articulation with the proximal carpal bones of the wrist
how are the radius and ulna connected
, the interosseus membrane.
function
stability and site for muscle attatchment
func of Radial tuberosity
importnat attatchment site for tendon of bicep muscle
how many carpal bones
8
arrangement
2 rows of 4
proximal and distal rows
what does the proximal articulate with
The distal ends of the radius and ulna
distal end artiuclation
metacarpal bones
structure of metacarpal bones
small long bones (5 boones)
what does the distal end of the matcarpal bones articulate ith
phalanges of the digits
how many phalanges do the digits have
3
thumb
2
what are the 3 phlanges
distal
middle
proximal §
what 3 methods are bones classed as
their structural properties
their level of mobility
Structural Classification
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial joints
Fibrous
bones connected by fibrous connective tissue, e.g. sutures of skull.
Cartilaginous
:- bones connected with cartilage, e.g. pubic symphysis.
epiphysial plate, intervertrebal disk
2 types of carrtilaginous
pri
sec
what are prinary
synchondrosis, connected by hyaline cartilage
sec
symphysis, connected by fibrocartilage – mainly in the midline of the body
Synovial joints
:- the articulation is surrounded by an enclosing synovial capsule; bones not directly connected at the joint surfaces but strengthened by surrounding structures. Many examples such as interphalangeal joints. Articular surfaces generally covered in hyaline cartilage
types of synovial joints
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
Multiaxial
movement on several axes e.g. ball and socket joint
biaxial
: movement in two different planes e.g. saddle joint
uni
Uniaxial: movement in one direction only e.g. hinge joint.
Joint Mobility Classification
Synarthosis
Amphiarthosis
Diarthosis
Diarthosis
:- freely mobile (many joints, mostly synovial)
Amphiarthosis
:- limited mobility (often fibrocartilaginous such as pubic symphysis)
Synarthosis
little or no mobility (mostly fibrous joints like skull sutures)
The more mobile a joint, the less stable it usually is.
The more mobile a joint, the less stable it usually is.
Ligaments
collagenous connective tissue linking bones
Tendons
collagenous connective tissue between bones and muscles.
Retinaculum
is thickened band of deep fascia found close to a joint.
function
This band holds tendons down during muscle contraction to prevent bow-stringing, which might compromise function.
Aponeurosis
is a flat, sheet-like structure formed from a tendon or ligament
function
Aponeuroses can provide a broad attachment for a muscle which will distribute mechanical load over a larger area than a more typical tendon would
or protection
Bursa
bursa is a closed sac of a serous membrane, whose interior is similar to that of synovial joints.
function
, where they act as a “bearing” that allows free movement.
