upper limbs

Question 1

2 divsions of the body

Answer 1

head neck

appendages (upper lower trunk

Question 2

axial skeleton

Answer 2

bones of head and trunk

Question 3

appendicular trunk

Answer 3

bones that support the appendages.

Question 4

four regions of the upper limb

Answer 4

pectoral girdle
arm
foreman
hand

Question 5

what bone connects the upper limbs to the trunk

Answer 5

clavicle

Question 6

what is the medial end of the clavicle attached to

Answer 6

thoracic wall of the trunk at the manubrium

Question 7

shape of the clavicle

Answer 7

s

Question 8

what is the lateral end of the clavicle attached to

Answer 8

Lateral end articulates with the scapular acromion

Question 9

function of the clavicle

Answer 9

The clavicle is a movable strut supporting the scapula and the rest of the upper limb which are suspended from it. Also a site of muscle attachment.

Question 10

describe the shape of the scapula

Answer 10

shoulder blade , A triangular plate of bone with various bony features including processes, ridges, fossae and other structures.

Question 11

function of Acromion

Answer 11

articulates the clavicle

Question 12

function of the Glenoid fossa (G)

Answer 12

socket for the the ball and socket shoulder joint

Question 13

function of the Scapular spine (Sp)

Answer 13

divides the scapula into the Supraspinous fossa (S) 
Infraspinous fossa (I)

Question 14

what aspect of the scapula is closest to the chest wall

Answer 14

Subscapular fossa (Sub.)

Question 15

what strcutures of the scapila are seen from anterior

Answer 15

Acromion (A)

Coracoid process (C)

Glenoid fossa (G)

Subscapular fossa (Sub.)

Question 16

from posterior

Answer 16

Acromion (A)

Glenoid fossa (G)

Scapular spine (Sp)

Supraspinous fossa (S)

Infraspinous fossa (I)

Question 17

what is the second of the scapulas bony articulations

Answer 17

glenohumeral joint

Question 18

aka

Answer 18

shoulder joint

Question 19

The glenoid fossa of the scapula articulates with the

Answer 19

humoral head (HH) (the proximal end of the humerus bone)

Question 20

what is the The Humerus

Answer 20

The bone of the arm

The humerus is a long bone.

Question 21

what structures does it articulate with proximally

Answer 21

with the glenoid fossa of the scapula to form the shoulder joint

Question 22

distally

Answer 22

the radius and ulna to form the elbow joint

Question 23

func of bony features

Answer 23

are sites of attachment for muscles and ligaments

Question 24

the grooves

Answer 24

accommodate rope-like tendons or nerves

Question 25

the articulation if the radius and ulna proximal

Answer 25

specialised at proximal end for articulation with the condyles of the humerus

Question 26

distal

Answer 26

for articulation with the proximal carpal bones of the wrist

Question 27

how are the radius and ulna connected

Answer 27

, the interosseus membrane.

Question 28

function

Answer 28

stability and site for muscle attatchment

Question 29

func of Radial tuberosity

Answer 29

importnat attatchment site for tendon of bicep muscle

Question 30

how many carpal bones

Answer 30

8

Question 31

arrangement

Answer 31

2 rows of 4 | proximal and distal rows

Question 32

what does the proximal articulate with

Answer 32

The distal ends of the radius and ulna

Question 33

distal end artiuclation

Answer 33

metacarpal bones

Question 34

structure of metacarpal bones

Answer 34

small long bones (5 boones)

Question 35

what does the distal end of the matcarpal bones articulate ith

Answer 35

phalanges of the digits

Question 36

how many phalanges do the digits have

Answer 36

3

Question 37

thumb

Answer 37

2

Question 38

what are the 3 phlanges

Answer 38

distal middle proximal §

Question 39

what 3 methods are bones classed as

Answer 39

their structural properties their level of mobility

Question 40

Structural Classification

Answer 40

Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial joints

Question 41

Fibrous

Answer 41

bones connected by fibrous connective tissue, e.g. sutures of skull.

Question 42

Cartilaginous

Answer 42

:- bones connected with cartilage, e.g. pubic symphysis. | epiphysial plate, intervertrebal disk

Question 43

2 types of carrtilaginous

Answer 43

pri | sec

Question 44

what are prinary

Answer 44

synchondrosis, connected by hyaline cartilage

Question 45

sec

Answer 45

symphysis, connected by fibrocartilage – mainly in the midline of the body

Question 46

Synovial joints

Answer 46

:- the articulation is surrounded by an enclosing synovial capsule; bones not directly connected at the joint surfaces but strengthened by surrounding structures. Many examples such as interphalangeal joints. Articular surfaces generally covered in hyaline cartilage

Question 47

types of synovial joints

Answer 47

Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial

Question 48

Multiaxial

Answer 48

movement on several axes e.g. ball and socket joint

Question 49

biaxial

Answer 49

: movement in two different planes e.g. saddle joint

Question 50

uni

Answer 50

Uniaxial: movement in one direction only e.g. hinge joint.

Question 51

Joint Mobility Classification

Answer 51

Synarthosis Amphiarthosis Diarthosis

Question 52

Diarthosis

Answer 52

:- freely mobile (many joints, mostly synovial)

Question 53

Amphiarthosis

Answer 53

:- limited mobility (often fibrocartilaginous such as pubic symphysis)

Question 54

Synarthosis

Answer 54

little or no mobility (mostly fibrous joints like skull sutures)

Question 55

The more mobile a joint, the less stable it usually is.

Answer 55

The more mobile a joint, the less stable it usually is.

Question 56

Ligaments

Answer 56

collagenous connective tissue linking bones

Question 57

Tendons

Answer 57

collagenous connective tissue between bones and muscles.

Question 58

Retinaculum

Answer 58

is thickened band of deep fascia found close to a joint.

Question 59

function

Answer 59

This band holds tendons down during muscle contraction to prevent bow-stringing, which might compromise function.

Question 60

Aponeurosis

Answer 60

is a flat, sheet-like structure formed from a tendon or ligament

Question 61

function

Answer 61

Aponeuroses can provide a broad attachment for a muscle which will distribute mechanical load over a larger area than a more typical tendon would or protection

Question 62

Bursa

Answer 62

bursa is a closed sac of a serous membrane, whose interior is similar to that of synovial joints.

Question 63

function

Answer 63

, where they act as a “bearing” that allows free movement.