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anatomy > thorax 2 > Flashcards

thorax 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the Component parts

Thoracic wall

A

skeletal elements and muscles

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2
Q

posteriorly

A

t is made up of twelve thoracic vertebrae and their intervening intervertebral discs;

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3
Q

anteriorly

A

the wall is made up of the sternum , which consists of the manubrium of sternum, body of sternum, and xiphoid process.

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4
Q

laterally

A

the wall is formed by ribs (twelve on each side) and three layers of flat muscles, which span the intercostal spaces between adjacent ribs, move the ribs, and provide support for the intercostal spaces;
anterior (distal) end of each rib is composed of costal cartilage

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5
Q

function of costal cartilage

A

which contributes to the mobility and elasticity of the wall.

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6
Q

how many costal cartliages articulate with the sternum

A

I to VII articulate with the sternum.

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7
Q

where is teh thoracic wall

A

the superior thoracic aperture, bordered by vertebra TI, rib I, and the manubrium of the sternum; and
▪ the inferior thoracic aperture, bordered by vertebra TXII, rib XII, the end of rib XI, the costal margin, and the xiphoid process of the sternum.

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8
Q

what are intercostal spaces

A

Intercostal spaces lie between adjacent ribs and are filled by intercostal muscles

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9
Q

what lie within the costal groove

A

Intercostal nerves and associated major arteries and veins lie in the costal groove along the inferior margin of the superior rib and pass in the plane between the inner two layers of muscles.

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10
Q

what is most superior

A

vein

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11
Q

what are the structures under it

A

the vein is the most superior structure and is therefore highest in the costal groove. The artery is inferior to the vein, and the nerve is inferior to the artery and often not protected by the groove. Therefore, the nerve is the structure most at risk when objects perforate the upper aspect of an intercostal space.

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12
Q

what is the endothoracic fascia

A

is the layer of loose tissue deep to the intercostal spaces and ribs, which separates them from the underlying pleura

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13
Q

where is the diaphragm and what does is seperate

A

The diaphragm is a thin musculotendinous structure that fills the inferior thoracic aperture and separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

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14
Q

what is it under

A 
xiphoid process of the sternum,
▪ costal margin of the thoracic wall,
▪ ends of ribs XI and XII,
▪ ligaments that span across structures of the posterior abdominal wall, and
▪ vertebrae of the lumbar region.
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15
Q

how many tendons attatch to the diaphragm

A

one central tendon

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16
Q

how many plueral cavities are there

A

Two pleural cavities , one on either side of the mediastinum, surround the lungs

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17
Q

where are they

A

Superiorly, they extend above rib I into the root of the neck.
▪ Inferiorly, they extend to a level just above the costal margin.
▪ The medial wall of each pleural cavity is the mediastinum.c

paritieal and visceral

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18
Q

where is the base of the lung

A

sits on base of the diaphragm

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19
Q

where does the apex sit

A

above rib 1 and into the roof of the neck

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20
Q

what are the 2 surfaces and where are they

A

costal surface lies immediately adjacent to the ribs and intercostal spaces of the thoracic wall. The mediastinal surface lies against the mediastinum anteriorly and the vertebral column posteriorly and contains the comma-shaped hilum of the lung, through which structures enter and leave.

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21
Q

what are the 3 borders and where are they

A

the inferior border of the lung is sharp and separates the base from the costal surface. The anterior and posterior borders separate the costal surface from the medial surface. Unlike the anterior and inferior borders, which are sharp, the posterior border is smooth and rounded.

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22
Q

what is the root

A

The root of each lung is a short tubular collection of structures that together attach the lung to structures in the mediastinum (

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23
Q

hilium

A

he region outlined by this pleural reflection on the medial surface of the lung is the hilum , where structures enter and leave.

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24
Q

what is the thoracic skeleton made up of

A

12 thoracic vertebrae

12 pairs of ribs and costal cartilages

Sternum

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25
Q

how many thoracic vertebrea/what are thoracuc vertebrea

A

12 in number (T1-T12)

Heart shaped body

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26
Q

how do they articulae this the body

A

Facets on body for articulations with heads of ribs

Facets on transverse processes for articulations with tubercles of ribs

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27
Q

how many ribs are there

A

12 pairs

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28
Q

how many are true/ which ones are true

A

1-7 reach sternum (true)

articulate with their own costal cartilage

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29
Q

which are false

A

Ribs 8-10 reach costal cartilage above (false)

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30
Q

which lack anterior attachments/floughting ribs

A

11 and 12 lack anterior attachment (floating)

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31
Q

what do they articulate with

A

joints)
with vertebral column via head and tubercle
with costal cartilages

32
Q

how many aprts of the sternum

A

Sternum has 3 parts: manubrium, body & xiphoid

33
Q

what is a thoracic ring formed of

A

1st thoracic vertebra (T1)
1st ribs
Manubrium

34
Q

Contents of thoracic inlet:

A

Great vessels heading for neck and upper limb, oesophagus, trachea, nerves and lymphatics

35
Q

what are the parts of a thoracic vertebrea

A 
body 
pedicle 
transverse process
lamina 
spinous process
36
Q

what does the vertebral foramen carry

A

spinal cord and menigieal layers

37
Q

what do ribs articulate with posteriorly

A

thoracic vertebra

38
Q

where does the costal groove run

A

internal surface

39
Q

Diaphragm

A

Has a flat central tendon with muscle radiating to costal margin and vertebrae.

40
Q

why does the diaphragm flatten

A

Firstly the dome flattens to increase vertical diameter of chest. Secondly it pulls costal margin up to increase transverse and antero-posterior diameters.

41
Q

function of intercostals

A

have a secondary role to stiffen chest wall to improve efficiency of breathing movements.

42
Q

how many intercostal nerves are there

A

11 pairs T1-T11 (+ 1 subcostal – T12)

43
Q

why type of nerves

A

mixed- both motor and sensory

44
Q

what do they suuply

A

Supply the intercostal spaces

45
Q

what does the lateral cutaneous branch divide into

A

anterior and posterior

46
Q

anterior cuntaneous branch divides into

A

medial and lateral

47
Q

where should you insert for a chest drain

A

safe area/triangle
The anterior border of latissimus dorsi, the lateral border of the pectoralis major, a line superior to the horizontal level of the nipple and an apex below the axilla. Thedrainshould be inserted just above the rib.

48
Q

how many layers to the intercostal muscles

A

3

49
Q

which bronchi is wider

A

Right wider and more vertical than left

50
Q

what supplies the lobes of the lungs

A

Lobar (secondary) bronchi
Formed within the lungs
Supply the lobes of the lungs

51
Q

what supplies the bronchopulmonary segments

A

Segmental (tertiary) bronchi

52
Q

how many bronchopulmonary segments

A

10 in each lung

53
Q

where is the apex of the lung

A

rises 3-4 cm above level of first costal cartilage

54
Q

3 borders of the base of lung

A

3 borders - (edges) - anterior, posterior, inferior

55
Q

3 surfaces of base

A

3 surfaces - costal, medial (mediastinal), inferior (diaphragmatic)

56
Q

what does the diaphragm separate

A

right lung from right lobe of liver

left lung from left lobe of the liver, stomach & spleen

57
Q

what are the 3 lobes of the left lung

A

Superior

Inferior

58
Q

what is it seprated by

A

oblique fissure

59
Q

what does the superior lobe have

A

Apex

Most of anterior part of lung

60
Q

how many lobes in right lung

A

superior
middle
inferior

61
Q

what is it seperated by

A

2 fissures
oblique fissure
horizontal fissure

62
Q

what does horizontal fissure seperaet

A

separates superior from middle lobe

63
Q

what does the oblique seperate

A

separates inferior lobe from the other 2 lobes

64
Q

what does the root/hilum do

A

Connects mediastinal surface to heart and trachea

65
Q

what is the the pluera

A

A thin layer of flattened cells supported by connective tissue that lines each pleural cavity and covers the exterior of the lungs

66
Q

what are the 2 layers

A

visceral pleura

parietal pleura

67
Q

visceral pleura function

A
  • covers surface lungs and lines fissures between the lobes
68
Q

parietal pluera

A
  • lines inner surface of chest walls
69
Q

what is the hilum

A

Visceral and parietal pleura are continuous with each other around the root of the lung – this is the hilum

70
Q

how is plueral cavity expanded

A

Pleural cavity is expanded by muscles in walls

Elastic lungs expand with the pleural cavity, sucking air down trachea and bronchi into lungs

71
Q

is quiet breathing active or passive

A

passive not requiring muscles

72
Q

what is the main inspiratoy muscle

A

diaphragm

73
Q

where is the pericardial sac in relation to the pericardial sac

A

in the centre

74
Q

which side of the lung does the diaphragm go into deerper

A

right side

So high abdominal organs such as liver are covered by diaphragm, pleura and lung

75
Q

what is the lowest cartilanginous ring

A

carina

anatomy (12 decks)

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