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anatomy > cas upper limbs > Flashcards

cas upper limbs Flashcards

1
Q

what is the pectoral girdle

A

e includes the clavicle and the scapula

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2
Q

is the “Scapulothoracic” Joint a real joint

A

nope, It is a physiological (functional) joint.

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3
Q

pronation bonw chnages

A

when the hand is turned round so that the palm faces backwards, the radius rotates around in front of the ulna to lie diagonally across it

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4
Q

Wrist (radiocarpal) Joint

movements

A

Main movements at this joint are flexion, extension, adduction (ulnar deviation) and abduction (radial deviation) of the hand.

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5
Q

Scapulothoracic movement

A

elevation depression, protraction depression,

and rotation of scapula

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6
Q

glenohumural joint

A

flexion extension, abduction adduction

medial and lateral rotation

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7
Q

elbow

A

extension flexion

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8
Q

proximal distal radio-ulnar joint

A

pronation and supination

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9
Q

wrist

A

flexion extension

abd and add

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10
Q

midcarpal intercarpal

A

flexion extention

abd add

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11
Q

carpometacarpal of thumb

A

flexion extension

add abd

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12
Q

cmc of 2nd 3rd digits

A

no movement

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13
Q

4th and 5th digit

A

restricted movement

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14
Q

intermetacarpal

A

very restrcited sliding movement

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15
Q

metacarophalangeal

A

thumb flex exten

2 5th flex exten abd add

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16
Q

interphalangeal

A

flex exten

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17
Q

scapulothoracic joint elevation

A

shrug your shoulders

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18
Q

scapulothoracic joint

depression protraction

A

shoulders down and out

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19
Q

retraction

A

back

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20
Q

glenohumeral joint flexion

A

arm up

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21
Q

extension

A

back behind you

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22
Q

abd

A

up to the side making a 1/4 circle

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23
Q

internal rotation

A

cradle a baby shape

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24
Q

external rotation

A

|-

25
Q

circumduction

A

put your arms up to the side and make circles

26
Q

elbow joint flexion

A

put your forearm up as if doing weights

27
Q

extension

A

arm/forearm down by your side

28
Q

radioulnar joint pronation

A

down

29
Q

supination

A

up

30
Q

wrist joint flexion

A

wrist up

31
Q

extension

A

wrist down

32
Q

adduction

A

wrist towards chest

33
Q

abduction

A

wrist other way

34
Q

Some general rules are applicable to the examination of joints. They are:

A 
Look – visual inspection 
Feel - palpation
Move – range of passive movements
Measure – measure the degrees of movement  
Compare with the opposite limb.
35
Q

ALWAYS

A

ask the patient if they have any PAIN prior to palpation and passive movement

36
Q

assessment of passive joint movement

A

ask patient to completely relax theiir arm (flop)

passivley circumduct the shoulder joint to detect stiffnes or reduced joint

same with other joint

passively flex and extend the elbow to detect stiffnes or reduced in tone and then other arm

pass supinate and pronate
looking for same things
and flex extend wrist

both wrists

37
Q

Reduced tone (hypotonia)

A

If there is a breach/disruption in the spinal segmental reflex arc and the simple spinal reflexes are not functioning, the muscle will be without any tone, it will be fully relaxed and you will experience hypotonia, in keeping with a Lower Motor Neurone (LMN) problem/lesion.

38
Q

Increased tone (hypertonia)

A

The lower motor neurons of the spinal segmental neurons are influenced by nervous impulses received from the cerebral cortex, midbrain, pons and medulla. These supra spinal neurons are called Upper Motor Neurons (UMN). The impulses from the upper motor neurons have an inhibitory effect on the lower motor neurons.

If the higher cerebral control is disrupted, as in an UMN lesion/problem, the inhibition is lost and the muscle tone is exaggerated you will experience hypertonia (sometimes spasticity).

39
Q

what is A prime mover (or an agonist)

A

the main muscle responsible for producing a specific movement of the body part.

40
Q

“Scapulothoracic” joint

elevation prime mover

A

Superior trapezius!, levator scapulae, rhomboids

41
Q

Depression

A

gravity!

Inferior trapezius, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior

42
Q

Protraction

A

serratus anterior

43
Q

retraction

A

trapezius middle part

44
Q

upward rotation

A

trapezius descending part

serratus anterior inferior part

45
Q

downwards rotation

A

lattisumus dorsi

46
Q

The muscles acting on the glenohumeral joint are also

A

intrinsic shoulder muscles

47
Q

these are

A

four rotator cuff muscles that give stability to the shoulder joint. They are supraspinatus, infraspinatus,teres minor and subscapularis muscles.

48
Q

how to test exterior muscle of shoulder the

serratus anterior

A

ask the patient to put arms against the wall

feel the contraction on the lateral thoracic wall

49
Q

test the latissum dorsi

A

arm up to the side

feel the contraction behinfd the shoulder

50
Q

trapezius

A

feel the contraction when providing resistance against elevation of the shoulders

51
Q

deltoid

A

arm to the side

the top arm part

52
Q

supraspintus

A

arm to the side

feel contraction above scapular spine

53
Q

infraspinctus and teres minor

A

feel the contraction below the scapula spine

make forearm and shoulder perpendicular

54
Q

subscapularis

A

cant feel contraction as in the anterior scapula
ask patinet to push your hand with the side of theirs
while they move their arm inward

55
Q

pectoralis major

A

ask them to bring arms down
to their side
feel contraction at the top arm

56
Q

branchialis and biceps branchi

A

ask them to bring elbow up
resist
contraction on anterior arm

57
Q

tricep branchii

A

ask them to slightly bind elbow then ask to straight

feel contraction on posterior arm

58
Q

pronator teres and pronator quadratus

A

palm to ceiling then downwards

feel contraction of pronator teres on anterior forearm

59
Q

There is a 0 to 5 rating scale for muscle strength:

A

0/5: no movement
1/5: Barest flicker of movement of the muscle, though not enough to move the structure to which it’s attached
2/5: Voluntary movement which is not sufficient to overcome the force of gravity. For example, the patient would be able to slide their hand across a table but not lift it from the surface
3/5: Voluntary movement capable of overcoming gravity, but not any applied resistance. For example, the patient could raise their hand off a table, but not if any additional resistance were applied
4/5: Voluntary movement capable of overcoming “some” resistance
5/5 Normal strength
‘+’ and ‘-‘ can be used indicate more subtle descriptions of power (e.g., 4+ or 4- , 3+ or 3-, etc.

anatomy (12 decks)

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