upper limbs 2 cas Flashcards
what is a reflex
involuntary response to a stimulus.
typically, a reflex pathway consists of …
1) afferent (sensory) neurones conveying impulses from sensory receptors in the muscle spindle to the spinal cord (CNS)
2) efferent (motor) neurones running from the anterior grey columns of the spinal cord (CNS) to the effector organ which is the limb muscle.
describe the pathway after getting hit with teh reflex hammer
When the tendon of a muscle is tapped with a tendon hammer, it causes stretching of the muscle spindles. This stimulus travels to the spinal cord, which then stimulates the efferent motor neurones in the anterior grey columns (horns). This results in involuntary contraction of the main muscle whose tendon was stretched by tapping.
name 3 reflexes
1) Biceps tendon reflex – spinal segment/nerve roots C5 & C6
2) Triceps tendon reflex – spinal segment/nerve roots C7 & C8
3) Brachioradialis (supinator) reflex – spinal segment/nerve roots C5 & C6
Biceps tendon reflex uses what spinal segments
spinal segment/nerve roots C5 & C6
triceps
pinal segment/nerve roots C7 & C8
Brachioradialis (supinator) reflex
pinal segment/nerve roots C5 & C6
if the reflex doenst produce teh desired result, is it a neruological problem
You must not jump to conclusions about the presence any neurological deficits on the basis of presence, absence and exaggeration of reflexes alone, however can be a critical sign when take into account of other clinical findings.
is one side enough
nope both sides
abnormally exaggerated myotatic reflexes lead to a clinical picture of
upper motor neurone lesion.
complete absence (areflexia) of reflexes which is suggestive of
lower motor neurone lesion.
what is the reflex grading system
0
Absent
1+
Decreased, but still present (hypo-reflexic)
2+
Normal
3+
Hyper-reflexic
4+
Clonus: Repetitive shortening of the muscle after a single stimulation
In order to detect a significant sensory loss at least how many demertomes are affected
3
Peripheral nerves carry
and what will damage do
nerve components from several spinal segments (or roots) to muscles and skin areas. Therefore, damage to a peripheral nerve may result in a wide ranging effects on more than one dermatomal area or myotomes. This may affect large areas of skin and several muscles.
c4 supplies sensory innervation to what area
shoulder
