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Year 2- GIT > Upper GIT Structure and Function > Flashcards

Upper GIT Structure and Function Flashcards

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Git Commands flashcards
1
Q

What makes up the upper GIT?

A

Mouth
Oesophagus
Pharynx
Stomach

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2
Q

Why do we chew?

A

-To make us happy :) it’s due to prolonging taste exposure and enjoying the taste more!
-Prevents against respiratory failure

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3
Q

Is chewing voluntary or involuntary?

A

Voluntary

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4
Q

How many salivary glands are in the mouth?

A

6- 3 pairs

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5
Q

Name the three pairs of glands

A

Sublingual glands
Submandibular glands
Parotid glands

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6
Q

Why does food need saliva before we swallow?

A

To moisten it and prevent it from causing irritation to the mouth and oesophagus

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7
Q

What are the components of saliva?

A

Water
Mucins
Amylase
Electrolytes
Lysosomes

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8
Q

If you have water and mucins, what does it produce?

A

Mucus

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9
Q

What does amylase do?

A

Catalyses the breakdown of polysaccharides into disaccharide and glucose.

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10
Q

Where is amylase secreted from?

A

Salivary glands and pancreas

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11
Q

What is the pH of saliva?

A

Approx 7.4

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12
Q

Why is i important to keep the mouth at a neutral, or nearly neutral, pH?

A

Because if it’s too acidic, it makes the teeth weaker and more easily damaged
If it’s too alkaline, it deposits a thing called matter on the teeth

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13
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Bacterial chemicals which can cause cleaving of polysaccharides and kill bacteria

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14
Q

Is saliva controlled by parasympathetic or sympathetic NS?

A

Both

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15
Q

Is the parasympathetic control inhibitory or stimulatory?

A

Stimulatory for all parts of the GIT

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16
Q

Is the sympathetic control inhibitory or stimulatory?

A

Inhibitory for all but the saliva glands

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17
Q

Which nerves provide the parasympathetic innervation to all the GIT?

A

Vagus nerves (nerve 10)

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18
Q

Which nerves provide the parasympathetic innervation to salivary glands?

A

Facial nerves (nerve 7)
Glossopharyngeal (nerve 9)

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19
Q

Describe the saliva produced by stimulation from the sympathetic NS.

A

Small volume, more viscous

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20
Q

Describe the saliva produced by stimulation from the parasympathetic NS.

A

Larger volume, watery

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21
Q

Why is saliva produced by stimulation from the sympathetic NS a lot thicker and less volume?

A

Due to the activation of Alpha 1 adrenoreceptors

22
Q

What happens if there is activation of the beta 2 adrenoreceptors?

A

Mainly amylase would be released

23
Q

So basically, what happens-
1. When the alpha 1 adrenoreceptor is activated
2. When the beta 2 adrenoreceptor is activated

A
  1. More mucous produced
  2. More amylase produced

Hmm check this. Doesn’t seem right.

24
Q

Where does the oesophagus go between?

A

Mouth and stomach

25
Q

How long is the oesophagus?

A

25cm

26
Q

What are the four layers of the oesophagus?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Adventitia

27
Q

Which type of cells lines the oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

28
Q

Why is there keratin is the oesophagus?

A

It needs to be flexible and keratin provides strength

29
Q

What is the main function for the submucosal mucous glands?

A

Produce mucous for lubrication

30
Q

Describe the muscle in the muscularis exertna

A

Upper third is composed of skeletal muscle, lower two thirds are composed of smooth muscle

31
Q

What is the role of the upper and lower oesophageal sphincters?

A

Regulates movement of material in and out of the oesophagus

32
Q

Name the three phases of swallowing.

A
  1. Oral phase
  2. Pharyngeal phase
  3. Oesophageal phase
33
Q

Which part of the brain controls swallowing?

A

Swalloqing centre in the medulla

34
Q

When the upper sphincter opens, when needs to happen at the same time?

A

The epiglottis needs to close over the trachea

35
Q

Describe the difference between vomiting and regurgitation.

A

Vomiting is a forceful expulsion of gastric content, regurgitation is non-forceful

36
Q

How long does it take the bolus (chewed food) to reach the stomach?

A

10 seconds

37
Q

How much volume does an empty stomach have?

A

50ml

38
Q

What volume can the stomach expand to fit?

A

1.5L

39
Q

Is there a change in pressure in the stomach depending on how full it is?

A

No

40
Q

What are the functions of the stomach?

A

-Temporarily stores ingested material
-Dissolves food particles and initiates digestive process
-Controls delivery of material to small intestine
-Sterilises ingested material
-Produces intrinsic factor (helps w Vitamin B12 absorbtion)

41
Q

Where will digestion start for foods like glucose and carbs?

A

Mouth

42
Q

Where will digestion start for proteins?

A

Stomach

43
Q

What type of acid is stomach acid?

A

Hydrochloric acid

44
Q

What are the two layers of the muscularis externa?

A

Circular muscle
Longitudal muscle

45
Q

What does the circular muscle do to the lumen?

A

Narrows it

46
Q

What does the longitudal muscle do to the lumen?

A

Shortens it

47
Q

What is the function for the oblique muscle in the stomach?

A

It allows the stomach to twist and helps mix and break the food

48
Q

List the three layers of muscle of the stomach from outer to inner.

A

Longitudal, circular, oblqiue

49
Q

Which enzymes degrades protein?

A

Pepsin

50
Q
A

Year 2- GIT (37 decks)

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