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Year 2- GIT > Large Intestine Structure and Function > Flashcards

Large Intestine Structure and Function Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the valve between the small intestine and large.

A

Iliocaecal valve

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2
Q

What is the role of the ileocecal valve?

A

Controls entry of food into large intestine and closes to prevent backflow

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3
Q

Why is it important that there is no backflow once food has entered the large intestine?

A

Large intestine contains a lot more bacteria

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4
Q

What is the name of the first part of the large intestine?

A

Caecum

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5
Q

Which structure is attached to the caecum?

A

Appendix

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6
Q

How long is the large intesine?

A

Approx. 1.5-1.8m

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7
Q

After the caecum, list the remaining parts of the large intestine in the order they would be.

A

Caecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon

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8
Q

Describe the muscle layers of the large intestine

A

Similarly to the small intestine, it has a circular and longitudal muscle layer.
However, the circular layer is competed, the longitudal layer is incomplete.

This means longitudal muscle does not fully encircle the diameter of the large intestine

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9
Q

What is the name of the three bands which span the length of the colon?

A

Teniae coli

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10
Q

What is responsible for the puckered appearance of the large intestine?

A

Haustra (pouches) formed by incomplete longitudal muscle

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11
Q

What are in the crypts of the large intestine?

A

Goblet cells

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12
Q

What do the goblet cells in the large intestine produce and why is this required?

A

Mucous, lubrication for movement of faeces

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13
Q

What comes after the sigmoid colon?

A

Rectum

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14
Q

What is the rectum?

A

Straight muscular tube connecting sigmoid colon and anal canal

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15
Q

What is the mucosa of the rectum composed of?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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16
Q

Why is the muscularis externa of the rectum thicker than other areas of the GIT?

A

Important to have strong muscles to hold the faeces in

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17
Q

What is the anal canal?

A

Short distance between rectum and anus

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18
Q

What is the name of the thickened muscle (thicker than rectum) in the anal canal?

A

Internal Anal Sphincter

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19
Q

Is the Internal Anal Sphincter voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

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20
Q

What type of muscle is the Internal Anal Sphincter composed of?

A

Smooth muscle

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21
Q

What is the Internal Anal Sphincter controlled by?

A

Autonomic NS

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22
Q

What type of muscle is the External Anal Sphincter composed of?

A

Skeletal

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23
Q

Is the External Anal Sphincter voluntary or involuntary?

A

Voluntary

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24
Q

What type of epithelium is in the anal canal?

A

Stratified squamous

25
Q

What are the three parts of the GIT with stratified squamous peithelium?

A

Mouth
Oesophagus
Anal canal

26
Q

What is the main function of the colon?

A

Actively transport sodium from the lumen to the blood to help with the absorption of water and dehydration of chym

27
Q

What happens to the chyme in the colon because it stays there for a longer period of time?

A

Bacterial colonisation

28
Q

How much weight of an adult human is composed of bacteria?

A

1kg

29
Q

What can happen to undigested carbohydrate in the colon?

A

Bacterial fermentaion

30
Q

Which vitamin can the bacteria in the colon help with forming?

A

Vitamin K

31
Q

What do we need vitamin K for?

A

Clotting of blood

32
Q

Was it formed in the colon as a result of the bacterial fermentaion?

A

Gas- nitrogen, hydrogen, CO2, methane, hydrogen sulphide

33
Q

Describe how defaecation work following a meal.

A

-External and internal anal sphincters usually closed.
-After a meal, wave of intense contraction moving food from the colon to the rectum.
-Mechanoreceptors provide defaecation reflex meaning there is an urge to defaecate

34
Q

What is the defaecation reflex controlled by?

A

Parasympathetic NS via pelvic splenic nerves

35
Q

What happens after contraction of the rectum?

A

Relaxation of internal and external anal sphincters

36
Q

What pushes the faeces out of the body?

A

Increased peristaltic activity in colon

37
Q

What happens if you don’t want to take a poo right then?

A

Increased pressure on external and internal anal sphincters until we get to a toilet

38
Q

How is constipation different for different people?

A

Different people have a poo different amounts. For example, some people go once or multiple times a day, some only go once every three days.

Constipation means going less frequently than is normal for you- for example, if someone goes once a day and hasn’t been for a few days.

39
Q

What are some symptoms associated with constipation?

A

Headaches
Nausea
Loss of appetite
Abdominal discomfort

40
Q

Is there any reabsorption of toxins if faeces is retained for long periods of time?

A

No

41
Q

What are some of the lifestyle management of constipation?

A

Drinking plenty
Lots of fibre
More exercise

42
Q

What is diarrhoea?

A

Too frequent passing of faeces which are too liquid

43
Q

What are some of the causes of diarrhoea?

A

Pathogenic bacteria
Protozoans
Viruses
Toxins
Food
Stress

44
Q

What is the most common cause of death for children <5 in developing countries?

A

Diarrhoea

45
Q

What happens when we have movement of chlorine from the basolateral membrane to the lumen of the large intestine?

(same as w small intestine and the CFTR transporter of chlorine!)

A

Helps movement of water into the lumen

46
Q

What happens if there is an issue with the CFTR transporter and more and more chlorine is getting into the lumen of the colon?

A

More water will also come in causing watery faeces

47
Q

What is meant by enterotoxigenic bacteria?

A

Bacteria which secrete toxins

48
Q

Give an example of an enterotoxigenic bacteria which increases the release of water and chlorine.

A

Vibrio cholerae

49
Q

How do enterotoxigenic bacteria increase water secretion?1

A

Elevating intracellular second messengers like cAMP, calcium or cGMP which increases the secretion of water

50
Q

How much water is usually produced by the small intestine in a day?

A

1.5L

51
Q

What can the bacteria Vibrio cholerae cause?

A

Cholera

52
Q

How much water can the small intestine produce when infected by Vibrio Cholerae?

A

25L

53
Q

As well as loss of water in diarrhoea, what else can happen?

A

Loss of water = dehydration
Loss of minerals

54
Q

What is the treatment of secretory diarrhoea?

A

Hydration therapy- sodium/glucose solution

55
Q

Do enterotoxins damage villi cells?

A

No so they can keep absorbing water

56
Q

Why is a sodium/glucose solution used in hydration therapy?

A

Drives water absorption causing rehydration

57
Q

If there is severe infection caused by diarrhoea, which other treatment may be required?

A

Antibiotics

58
Q
A

Year 2- GIT (37 decks)

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