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Year 2- GIT > Pathology of the Upper GIT > Flashcards

Pathology of the Upper GIT Flashcards

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Git Commands flashcards
1
Q

What is the pH of the stomach?

A

pH 2

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2
Q

Why is the oesophageal sphincter so tight?

A

The oesophagus does not want to acid from the stomach so tight to prevent acid flowing up into it.

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3
Q

What type of tissue must line acid producing compartments and why?

A

Glandular epithelium that produces mucous to help protect the walls

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4
Q

What is oesophageal reflux?

A

Reflux of gastric acid into the oesophagus.

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5
Q

What is a hiatus hernia?

A

When there is a prolapse of acidic stomach mucosa into the oesophagus.

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6
Q

RECAP- Describe the lining of the oesophagus.

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinising but can make keratin

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7
Q

What happens if you continually get gastric acid on the squamous epithelium of the oesophagus?

A

There will be thickening of the squamous epithelium- hyperplasia

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8
Q

Define hyperplasia.

A

Increase in the number of cells

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9
Q

Define hypertrophy.

A

Increase in the size of cells.

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10
Q

What happens if there is severe oesophageal reflux?

A

Ulceration of the oesophageal epithelium.

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11
Q

What are two complications for oesophageal reflux?

A

Healing by fibrosis
Barrett’s oesophagus

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12
Q

Describe how healing by fibrosis can be a complication.

A

Mucous lined epithelium isn’t resistant to sharp foods like crisps which can scratch and cause pain/bleeding.
Therefore, fibroblasts produce collagen and materials to increase structural integrity but this can just cause oesophageal obstruction.

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13
Q

What occurs in Barrett’s oesophagus?

A

Change of the usual squamous epithelium of the oesophagus into glandular epithelium.

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14
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Change in one type of epithelium in response to an environmental change

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15
Q

Is metaplasia reversible?

A

Yes

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16
Q

What happens if metaplasia is not treated?

A

It progresses onto dysplasia

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17
Q

What happens after dysplasia?

A

Neoplasia (cancer)

Metaplasia -> Dysplasia -> Neoplasia

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18
Q

What are some of the environmental factors that increase risks of oesophageal cancer by squamous carcinoma subtype.

A

Smoking
Alcohol
Dietary carcinogens

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19
Q

What are the two histological subtypes of oesophageal cancer?

A

Squamous carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma

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20
Q

Which histological subtype of oesophageal cancer develops from Barrett’s oesophagus?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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21
Q

What are some of the environmental factors that increase risks of oesophageal cancer by adenocarcinoma subtype.

A

Barrett’s metaplasia
Obesity

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22
Q

What are some of the local effects of oesophageal cancer?

A

Obstruction
Ulceration
Perforation

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23
Q

Where can the direct spread of oesophageal cancer spread to?

A

Surrounding tissues

24
Q

How can oesophageal cancer spread quickly?

A

Good blood and lymphatic supply so cancer can travel into lymphatics.

25
Q

Which organ can get affected by the oesophageal cancer spreading through the blood?

A

Liver

26
Q

What is gastritis?

A

Stomach inflammation

27
Q

What are the three subtypes of gastritis?

A

Autoimmune
Bacterial
Chemical injury

ABC

28
Q

If people have an autoimmune disorder, will they be more or less likely to get another?

A

More likely

29
Q

Which vitamin deficiency would be present in those with autoimmune gastritis?

A

Vitamin B12

30
Q

As a GP, if someone with a pre-existing autoimmune condition came in with a stomach ache, what would be important to consider?

A

Autoimmune gastritis

31
Q

Which bacteria causes bacterial gastritis?

A

Helicobacter pylori

32
Q

What does H.pylori produce?

A

Potassium

33
Q

Why does the production of potassium from H.pylori cause gastritis?

A

Binds to the sodium potassium pump and makes more acid in the stomach.

34
Q

Which foods should those with gastritis avoid?

A

Potassium rich foods

-> a lot of people think you should avoid acidic foods but the stomach pH is 2 so the patient will not be eating foods with a pH less than that.

35
Q

What could cause chemical injury gastritis?

A

Bile reflux
Drugs

36
Q

Define atrophy.

A

Cells are smaller

37
Q

Describe what happens to the epithelium in autoimmune gastritis.

A

Atrophy of specialised acid secreting gastric epithelium

38
Q

Which type of gastritis is the most common?

A

Bacterial gastritis

39
Q

Is Helicobacter bacteria gram positive or gram negative?

A

Gram negative

40
Q

Which drugs treat bacterial gastritis?

A

Proton pump inhibitors and antibiotics

41
Q

Which three things most often cause chemical gastritis?

A

Drugs (NSAIDs)
Alcohol
Bile reflux

42
Q

Why will their be hyperplasia of the cell epithelium in chemical gastritis?

A

To produce more mucus to counteract the chemicals causing damage

43
Q

When will peptic ulceration take place?

A

When there is an imbalance between the acid secretion and mucosal barrier.

44
Q

Which organs does peptic ulceration affect?

A

Stomach
Duodenum
Oesophagus

45
Q

Which part of the oesophagus can peptic ulceration occur in?

A

Lower oesophagus

46
Q

Which parts of the stomach does peptic ulceration usually occur in?

A

Body and antrum

47
Q

Which parts of the duodenum does peptic ulceration usually occur in?

A

First and second part

48
Q

What usually causes peptic ulcertaion?

A

H.pylori

49
Q

What are the complications of peptic ulceration?

A

Bleeding
Perforation
Healing by fibrosis

50
Q

What can acute bleeding in patients with peptic ulceration cause?

A

Haemorrhage

51
Q

If a patient has chronic bleeding from peptic ulceration, so a little bit of blood bleeding out continuously, what can this cause?

A

Anaemia

52
Q

What can perforation cause?

A

Peritonitis

53
Q

What can gastric cancer be associated with?

A

A previous H.pylori infection

54
Q

What is meant by transcoelomic spread of cancer?

A

Spread of cancer from the organ directly into the peritoneal cavity

55
Q
A

Year 2- GIT (37 decks)

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