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Year 2- GIT > Nutrition in Health and Disease > Flashcards

Nutrition in Health and Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

Define diet.

A

Sum total of all the food ingested

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2
Q

What are nutrients?

A

Chemical components required by the body

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3
Q

What happens if food intake exceeds demand?

A

Put on weight

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4
Q

What happens if food demand exceeds intake?

A

Lose weight

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5
Q

How can basal metabolic rate be measured directly?

A

Calorimetry

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6
Q

How can basal metabolic rate be calculated?

A

Depends on lean body mass
Number of different equations e.g. Harris Benedict or Hernry equation

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7
Q

Define malnutrition.

A

State of nutrition in which a deficiency or excess of energy, protein and other nutrients causes measurable adverse effects on tissue/body form, function and clinical outcome.

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8
Q

What is the most common micronutrient deficiency?

A

Iron deficiency anaemia

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9
Q

What does overnutrition lead to?

A

Obesity

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10
Q

What does undernutrition lead to?

A

Weight loss and loss of function

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11
Q

How is BMI calculated?

A

Weight divided by height in metres squared

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12
Q

In overnutrition, what would tend to be the associated BMI?

A

BMI >25

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13
Q

Which BMI would suggest obesity?

A

BMI >30

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14
Q

Which factors contribute to obesity?

A

Environmental factors
Exercise
Genes

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15
Q

What can obesity cause increased risks of?

A

Metabolic syndromes
Cancer

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16
Q

List some of the metabolic syndromes obesity increases the chances of.

A

Hypertension
Type 2 diabetes
CVD
Fatty liver
Non-alcoholic fatty liver
Cirrhosis

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17
Q

Which two types of cancer specifically can obesity increase risks of?

A

Bowel and breast cancer

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18
Q

Which factors contribute to malnutrition?

A

Environment
Underlying disease

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19
Q

Those considered to have undernutrition have a BMI of??

A

BMI<20

20
Q

At which BMI will there be physical impairment due to undernutrition?

A

BMI<18

21
Q

What is important to note in terms of obese people and BMI?

A

If they are losing weight abnormally, it may difficult to tell if they still have a high BMI

22
Q

What % of loss of body mass can be associated with increased morbitidity?

A

10%

23
Q

What is the screening tool used in Scotland for malnutrition?

A

MUST

Malnutrition
Universal
Screening
Tool

24
Q

What does MUST look at?

A

BMI
Unexplained weight loss

25
Q

According to MUST, what would the score be for someone with a BMI<20?

A

1

26
Q

According to MUST, what would the score be for someone with a BMI<18?

A

2

27
Q

According to MUST, what would the score be for someone who has unexplained weight loss of 5% in the last 3-6 months?

A

1

28
Q

According to MUST, what would the score be for someone who has unexplained weight loss of 10% in the last 3-6 months?

A

2

29
Q

According to MUST, what would the score be for someone who has not eaten in the last five days?

A

2

30
Q

What score, according to MUST, suggest malnutrition?

A

2 or more

Add up the scores from the BMI, unexplained weight loss etc

31
Q

A MUST score of 1 would require what?

A

Supplements and watch them

32
Q

List some of the consequences which come about as a result of malnutrition?

A

-Impaired immune response
-Reduced muscle strength
-Impaired wound healing
-Impaired psycho-social function
-Impaired recovery from illness and surgery

33
Q

What should you do if you think is malnourished?

A

Refer to a dietician

->calculating it is so complicated and we are not trained to do so but best referred to someone who knows what they are doing

34
Q

What are the three main subtypes of aetiology of undernutrition?

A

Appetite failure
Access failure
Intestinal failure

35
Q

What may cause appetite failure?

A

Eating disorders like anorexia
Disease related

36
Q

What may cause access failure?

A

Teeth- ill-fitting dentures etc.
Stroke
Cancer of head and neck
Head injury

37
Q

What is meant be intestinal failure?

A

Reduction in functioning gut mass below the minimum amount required for absorption and digestion of nutrients.

38
Q

How does intestinal failure most commonly arise?

A

As a complication to surgery

39
Q

What can be used to aid in nutrition in someone who is unable to have food?

A

Nasogastric tube

40
Q

What can be used instead of nasogastric tubing in the long term?

A

Gastronomy- PEG (percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube)

41
Q

Describe PEG.

A

Tube that goes through the skin to the stomach and can aid in nutrition.

42
Q

What is kwashiorkor?

A

Severe protein malnutrition characterised by oedema and an enlarged liver with fat deposits.

43
Q

What type of feeding may you have to use in rare circumstances rather than gasto tubing?

A

IV feeding

44
Q

What is the biggest cause of malabsorption?

A

Coeliac disease

45
Q

In order to have malabsorption, which symptoms will be present?

A

Diarrhoea
Vitamin defiency

Check PowerPoint for others

46
Q

Which antibody do you test for in coeliac disease?

A

IgA

Year 2- GIT (37 decks)

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