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Year 2- GIT > Liver Structure and Function > Flashcards

Liver Structure and Function Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the largest internal organ of the body?

A

Liver

Funny that

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2
Q

What is the largest gland of the body?

A

Liver

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3
Q

Is the liver an endocrine or exocrine gland?

A

Mixed

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4
Q

What does the liver sit under?

A

The diaphragm

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5
Q

How many loops does the liver have?

A

4

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6
Q

Name the four loops of the liver.

A

Right loop
Left loop
Caudate loop
Quadrate loop

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7
Q

What makes up the bile system?

A

Bile ducts and gall bladder which all extend from the liver

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8
Q

What does the pancreatic duct merge with?

A

Bile duct

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9
Q

What is the main artery for the liver?

A

Hepatic artery

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10
Q

What is the main vein for the liver?

A

Hepatic portal vein

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11
Q

What are the common hepatic ducts joined to?

A

Cystic duct from the gallbladder

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12
Q

What is the duct called when the cystic and hepatic duct merge?

A

Common bile duct

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13
Q

Which loop of the liver is the largest?

A

Right loop

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14
Q

What is found in the liver porta?

A

Hepatic artery
Hepatic portal Wvein
Hepatic duct

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15
Q

What are most of the tissues of the liver encapsulated by?

A

Glason capsule

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16
Q

What us glason capsule made of?

A

Connective tissue

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17
Q

What is the role of glason capsule?

A

Protects the liver and keeps the position of the liver stable

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18
Q

Which are the cells which do most in the liver?

A

Hepatocytes

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19
Q

Are hepatocytes polar or non-polar?

A

Polar

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20
Q

What are sinusoids?

A

Capillaries of the liver

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21
Q

What are the parenchymal cells of the liver?

*Parachymal=take up most volume

A

Hepatocytes

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22
Q

What are the non-parenchymal cells of the liver?

A

Pit cells
Kupffer cells
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells
Hepatic stellate cells

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23
Q

What are found between hepatocytes?

A

Bile canaliculi

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24
Q

Which organ stores bile?

A

Gallbladder

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25
Q

What do hepatic stellate cells do?

A

Store vitamin A

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26
Q

When do hepatic stellate cells become activated?

A

If there is any virus or infection

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27
Q

What do hepatic stellate cells secrete?

A

Fibrogenic material, like collagen

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28
Q

What happens if the hepatic stellate cells continuously produce fibrogenic material?

A

May lead to fibrosis or cirrhosis of the liver

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29
Q

What are Kupffer cells?

A

Macrophages of the liver

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30
Q

What are the pit cells?

A

Natural killer cells of the liver

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31
Q

How many supplies of blood come to the liver?

A

Two

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32
Q

Describe where the two supplies of blood for the liver come from.

A

One comes from the portal vein which brings blood from the alimentary tract.
The other comes from the hepatic artery from the aorta.

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33
Q

Describe the blood which comes from the portal vein compared to the blood which comes from the hepatic artery.

A

Portal vein- rich in nutrients but deoxygenated
Hepatic artery- rich in oxygen

34
Q

Where in the liver will the two blood supplies mix?

A

Sinusoid

35
Q

How will the blood leave the liver?

A

By the central vein

36
Q

How does the liver act as a sieve?

A

Filters the blood from any toxins that come from the portal vein

37
Q

What are changliocytes?

A

Biliary epithelial cells

38
Q

What is septa?

A

Branches of connective tissue which help support the liver

39
Q

What do the septa divide the liver into?

A

Hexagonol lobules

40
Q

What is located at each corner of a hexagonal lobule?

A

Portal triad (hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, hepatic duct) as well as nerves and lymph vessels

41
Q

What is at the centre of each lobule?

A

Central vein

42
Q

What does the central vein do?

A

Drains the blood to the hepatic vein and then to the IVC

43
Q

Which structures radiate out from the central veins?

A

Hepatic cords

44
Q

What are hepatic cords composed of?

A

Hepatocytes

45
Q

What do bile canaliculus do?

A

Transport bile from liver to bile ducts

46
Q

Which direction does blood move compared to bile?

A

Blood moves from the portal triad to the central vein.
Bile moves from the central vein to the portal triad.

47
Q

What are the main functions of the liver?

hehe there’s a lot, have fun x

A

-Metabolism of xenobiotics
-Metabolism of bilirubin
-Synthesis of carbs/lipids/amino acids/proteins/bile acids/hormones/blood clotting factors
-Clearance of toxins and pathogens
-Immune response regulation

48
Q

What is the alimentary role of the liver?

A

To produce and secrete bile

49
Q

What are the six components of bile?

A
  1. Bile acids
  2. Lecithin
  3. Cholesterol
  4. Bile pigments
  5. Toxic metals
  6. Bicarbonate
50
Q

What happens to the toxic metals in bile?

A

Detoxified in liver

51
Q

What is the bile pigment?

A

Bilirubin from haemoglobin

52
Q

Which three components are synthesised in the liver and have the role of solubilising fat?

A

Bile acids
Lecithin
Cholesterol

53
Q

What is the role of bicarbonate in bile?

A

Neutralisation of acidic chyme

54
Q

Five of the components of bile are secreted by hepatocytes. Which one is secreted by duct cells?

A

Bicarbonate

55
Q

What is bilirubin?

A

Breakdown product of haemoglobin from old/damaged erythrocytes (RBC’s)

56
Q

What colour does bilirubin turn bile?

A

Yellow

57
Q

When bilirubin is in the intestine, it is modified by a bacterial enzyme. What colour pigment does this form?

A

Brown

58
Q

What does the brown pigment do?

A

Makes faeces brown

59
Q

Some bilirubin can be reabsorbed back into blood. What does this do?

A

Turns urine yellow

60
Q

What helps with the synthesis of bile in the liver?

A

Cholesterol

61
Q

Which molecules could bile acids be joined to before secreion?

A

Glycine or taurine

62
Q

What are bile acids known as before secretion when they are conjugated with taurine or glycine?

A

Bile salts

63
Q

Why are bile salts conjugated to something else?

A

To increase solubility

64
Q

How are secreted bile salts recylced?

A

Via enteropatic circulation

65
Q

When bile salts are secreted into the hepatic duct, it has two options. Explain them.

A
  1. Go through common bile duct and get secreted into the duodenum
  2. If sphincter is closed, go back to the gallbladder where it will be stored and concentrated
66
Q

When happens when bile salts get into the intestine?

A

Bacteria degrade the bile salts

67
Q

What % of bile salts are recycled?

A

95%

Remaining 5% excreted in faeces

68
Q

Where is the gallbladder located?

A

Inferior surface of liver

69
Q

What are the three layers of the gallbladder?

A

Mucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

70
Q

Describe the mucosa layer of the gallbladder.

A

Folded and has rugae which allows for expansion

71
Q

Describe the muscularis layer of the gallbladder.

A

Smooth muscle which is responsible for contraction

72
Q

What type of tissue is the serosa?

A

Connective tissue

73
Q

Explain the pathway of bile.

A

Gallbladder -> cystic duct -> common bile duct

74
Q

What controls the secretion of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum?

A

Sphincter of Oddi

75
Q

What happens when the sphincter of Oddi is closed?

A

Bile forced back to gallbladder

76
Q

How much does the gallbladder concentrate bile?

A

5-20 times

77
Q

How does the gallbladder make the bile more concentrated?

A

Absorbs sodium and water

78
Q

What gets released if there is fat in the duodenum?

A

CCK

79
Q

What does CCK do to the sphincter of Oddi?

A

Relaxes it, allowing it to release more bile and pancreatic juices

80
Q

RECAP- what gets released if there is acid in the duodenum?

A

Secretin

81
Q

RECAP- what does secretin do?

A

Decrease gastric acid secretion and emptying rate
Increase bicarbonate secretion.

82
Q

RECAP- what does CCK do?

A

Decreases gastric acid emptying
Increases pancreatic enzyme secretion to digest fat

Year 2- GIT (37 decks)

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