Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 2- GIT > The Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease > Flashcards

The Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Git Commands flashcards
1
Q

Where in the GIT does the food spend the longest amount of time?

A

Large intestine (10h-several days)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What happens to oxygen concentration as you go further down the GIT?

A

Increasingly less oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Are the bacteria in the large intestine aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Anaerobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which part of the GIT has the most bacteria?

A

Large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the reason that everyone has a different microbial composition?

A

Everyone has a different diet, the food we eat=microbial food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the GIT microbiota do?

A

-Defence against pathogens
-Metabolism of dietary components
-Modification of host secretions
-Host signalling
-Development of immune system
-Production of metabolites which are essential for health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does processed junk food supply the microbiota with?

A

Very little, refined sugars so nothing to feed on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What food is best for our gut microbiota?

A

Fibre rich foods, fruits and vegetables, pulses, wholegrains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which part of the GIT is the most energy absorbed from?

A

Stomach and small intestine >70% of energy uptake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the benefits of dietary fibre?

A

HEALTH AND FOOD TECH LETS GOOOOO

-Provides faecal bulk
-Contains anti-oxidants, phytochemicals and vitamins
-Assists with bacterial fermentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why do we want a very diverse microbiome?

A

Different bacteria play different roles, the more roles, the better

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the main products of carbohydrate metabolism by the microbiota?

A

Short chain fatty acids
Gases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name three short chain fatty acids which can be produced by carbohydrate metabolism.

A

Acetate
Propionate
Butyrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name three gases produced due to the carbohydrate metabolism by the microbiota.

A

Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen
Methane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which site of the large intestine does most of the bacterial fermentation happen in?

A

Proximal/right side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which site of the large intestine does most of the intestinal disease?

A

Distal/left side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the products of protein metabolism in the large intestine?

A

Branched chain fatty acids
Gases
Phenols, indoles, amines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are more damaging- SCFA or BCFA?

A

Branched chain fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name two branched chain fatty acids which are produced in the large intestine during protein synthesis.

A

Iso-butyrate
Isovalerate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Name two gases which are produced in the large intestine during protein synthesis.

A

Ammonia
Hydrogensulphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

So, would more carbohydrate or protein in the body help with better products from metabolism by the microbiota?

A

Carbohydrate- less harmful products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the ratio of the SCFA’s produced by the carbohydrate metabolism?

A

1:1:3

Butyrate : propionate : acetate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the function of butyrate?

A

Epithelial cell growth and regeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of propionate?

A

Gluconeogenesis in liver
Satiety signalling*

Satiety signals are relayed to the hindbrain, either indirectly via nerves such as the vagus from the GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the function of acetate?

A

Transported in blood to peripheral tissues to assist with lipogenesis.

26
Q

What are some of the local effects of bacterial fermentation?

A

Lowering of pH: increased calcium absorption and pathogen inhibition
Increased faecal bulking
SCFA production

27
Q

At what pHs do bacteria usually grow best in?

A

pH >6

28
Q

If there is a higher pH, will there be more protein metabolism or carbohydrate metaboslim?

A

Protein metabolism

-> think, proteins denature at higher pH…idk if this is why but might help to remember

29
Q

Describe how the barrier effect helps resist against pathogens.

A

Large numbers of indigenous microbiota prevent colonisation by ingested pathogens.
Also, they inhibit the overgrowth of potentially pathogenic bacteria which is normally resident at lower levels.

30
Q

Describe how active competitive exclusion helps resist pathogens.

A

Commensal microbes produce substances that interact with pathogenic bacteria and kill them off

31
Q

What are some of the systemic effects of bacterial fermentation?

A

SCFA and other metabolites go into bloodstream before being transported to the liver or brain.

32
Q

Short chain fatty acids are have an important role as molecules, what is this?

A

They are signalling molecules impacting on gut, metabolic, brain and overall health

33
Q

What is the role of the receptors in gut epithelial cells?

A

Detect SCFA’s and secrete hormones

34
Q

What are the GPR43/FFAR2 receptors activated by?

A

Acetate and propionate > butyrate

35
Q

What do the GPR43/FFAR2 receptors cause to happen once activated?

A

Secretes GLP-1 which inhibits fat accumulation

36
Q

What are the GPR41/FFAR3 receptors activated by?

A

Propionate and butyrate

37
Q

What do the GPR41/FFAR3 receptors cause to happen once activated?

A

Secretes PPY which improves insulin resistance and satiety signalling to the brain.

38
Q

What are the GPR109A receptors activated by?

A

Butyrate

39
Q

What do the GPR109A receptors cause to happen once activated?

A

Supresses colic inflammation and carcinogenesis

40
Q

What role does the commensal bacteria found close to the GIT epithelium have?

A

Blocks and prevents the adhesion or colonisation of pathogens

41
Q

How does the outer mucous layer of the GIT help with immuinity?

A

Barrier effect

42
Q

How does the inner mucus layer of the GIT help with immuinity?

A

Prevents bacterial penetration

43
Q

How does the postnatal immune system develop?

A

By exposure to certain bacteria/pathogens

44
Q

List some of the central nervous system conditions which have been linked to a disruption in the gut microbiota.

A

Autism spectrum disorders
Multiple sclerosis
Major depressive episodes

45
Q

List some of the gastrointestinal conditions which have been linked to a disruption in the gut microbiota.

A

IBD (CD, UC)
IBS
NAFLD
Cirrhosis

46
Q

List some of the metabolic conditions which have been linked to a disruption in the gut microbiota.

A

Obesity
CHD
Insulin resistance (T2D)
Obesity

47
Q

List some of the immune conditions which have been linked to a disruption in the gut microbiota.

A

Allergies
Auto-immune diseases
Cancer immunotherapy

48
Q

What is the cause of a lot of conditions relating to the gut microbiota?

A

Lack of different microbiota

49
Q

How can antibiotics affect the gut microbiome>?

A

Reduces bacterial diversity
Increases enterobacteria which cause inflammation

50
Q

Does selective pressure increase or decrease diversity of microbacertia?

A

Decreases it

51
Q

Antibiotics can lead to pathogen colonisation. Which pathogen is particular can become more abundant after antibiotics and results in infections?

A

C.difficile

52
Q

What is FMT?

A

Faecal microbiota transplationation

53
Q

What does FMT help to do?

A

Restore the microbiota and helps to prevent reinfection

54
Q

How can we increase the diversity of microbiota in terms of diet?

A

Increase fibre
Reduce processed foods

Low carb diets = less bacteria

55
Q

What are probiotics?

A

Live microorganisms which when administrated in adequate amounts, can have a positive health benefit in the individual

aka live bacteria added to food

56
Q

What are prebiotics?

A

A substrate which is selectively utilised by host organisms conferring a benefit.

aka food for resident bacteria

57
Q

Do all probiotics have the same function?

A

No- some have widespread mechanisms but some are niche.

Widespread= competitive exclusion from pathogens
Rare= production of vitamins

58
Q

How can prebiotics help with satiety signalling?

A

Prebiotics stimulate SCFA production which interact w immune cell receptors.

59
Q

List the external influences on the gut microbioma.

A

Diet
Antibiotics
Probiotics/prebiotics

60
Q
A

Year 2- GIT (37 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions