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Year 2- GIT > Gastric Motility and Pancreatic Function > Flashcards

Gastric Motility and Pancreatic Function Flashcards

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1
Q

What does gastric motility allow for?

A

Moving food from the upper part of the stomach to the pyloric spincter.

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2
Q

Describe the muscle and force of contraction from the body of the stomach.

A

Thin muscle so weaker contraction

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3
Q

Describe what is meant by a peristaltic wave.

A

Contractions which help to move the food from the body of the stomach to the antrum.

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4
Q

Describe the muscle and force of contraction from the antrum of the stomach.

A

Thick muscle, three layers so much stronger contraction.

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5
Q

Name the three layers of the muscle of the antrum of the stomach.

A

Circular muscle
Longitudal muscle
Oblique muscle

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6
Q

Which part of the stomach does the mixing of food occur?

A

Antrum

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7
Q

What does the contraction of the pyloric sphincter help with?

A

Control of passage of food from the stomach to the duodenum

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8
Q

What is the name given to the gastric content entering the duodenum?

A

Chyme

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9
Q

What would happen if too much food entered the duodenum at once?

A

Denature the digestive enzymes of the duodenum as the food would be very acidic and would shock the neutral/alkaline conditions of the duodenum.

Also, there would not be enough bicarbonate in the duodenum to neutralize the HCl

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10
Q

What is the usual peristaltic rhythm?

A

Three waves/ min

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11
Q

Where are the peristaltic waves generated from?

A

Pacemaker cells in the longitudal muscle layer

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12
Q

What do the slow peristaltic waves cause to happen?

A

Spontaneous depolarisation and repolarisation

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13
Q

How are the slow waves conducted from one muscle layer to another?

A

Via gap junctions

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14
Q

The slow-wave depolarisation is sub-threshold. What is meant by this?

A

It is not enough to evoke an action potential so further depolarisation is required for an action potential.

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15
Q

How can there be further depolarisation?

A

Using chemicals or mediators

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16
Q

Give some examples of mediators which help with the depolarization.

A

Acetylcholine
Gastrin

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17
Q

What determines the strength of contraction?

A

The number of action potentials

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18
Q

Alongside the spontaneous pacemaker cells, what else is required for a motility?

A

Neural and hormonal control

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19
Q

What may inhibit the motility in the duodenum?

A

Fat/acid//amino acid/hypertonicity in the duodenum

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20
Q

Where is the bicarbonate in the duodenum secreted from?

A

Submucosal glands known as Brunner’s Gland Duct cells

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21
Q

What is the pancreatic head surrounded by?

A

The C-shaped duodenum

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22
Q

Which organ is the tail of the pancreas close to?

A

The spleen

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23
Q

Which type of gland is the pancreas?

A

Mixed- endocrine and exocrine

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23
Q

RECAP- what is meant by endocrine?

A

Releases hormones or chemicals directly into the bloodstream

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24
Q

RECAP- what is meant by exocrine?

A

Releases substances through ducts onto the surfaces of the body

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25
Q

What do pancreatic islets (or islets of Langerhan’s) produce?

A

Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin

26
Q

What do the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhan’s produce?

A

Glucagon

27
Q

What do the beta cells of the islets of Langerhan’s produce?

A

Insulin

28
Q

What does insulin and glucagon help with?

A

Levels of blood glucose

29
Q

What does somatostatin do?

A

Controls the secretion of insulin and glucagon

30
Q

Which is the anti-insulin horome?

A

Glucagon

(When the glucose is GONe)

31
Q

Which hormone increases blood glucose levels?

A

Glucagon

32
Q

Which hormone decreases blood glucose levels?

A

Insulin

(think, someone would take insulin when their blood sugar is too high).

33
Q

Which cells are in the exocrine portion of the pancreas?

A

Acinar cells

34
Q

Why is part of the pancreas considered to be exocrine:?

A

It releases enzymes and hormones into the GIT and the GIT is considered to be outside the body

35
Q

What are the lobules of the pancreas connected by?

A

Intercalated ducts

36
Q

What’s the role of the Sphineter of Oddi?

A

Controls the release of the bile and the pancreatic juices from the common bile duct.

37
Q

Which part of the pancreas is responsible for digestion?

A

Exocrine part

38
Q

Which cells produce the pancreatic juices for the digestion in the pancreas?

A

Acini cells

39
Q

Which cells in the pancreas produce bicarbonate?

A

Duct cells

40
Q

How are digestive enzymes stored in acinar cells?

A

As inactive enzymes- inactive zymogen granules

41
Q

Why are the digestive enzymes in the pancreas stored in zymogen form?

A

To prevent autodigestion

42
Q

What is trypsinigen?

A

An inactive enzyme which can be converted to trypsin

43
Q

Which pH does trypsin work in?

A

Neutral or slightly alkaline pH

44
Q

Which pH does pepsin work in?

A

Acidic pH

45
Q

Which enzyme converts trypsinogen into trypsin?

A

Enterokinase

46
Q

Where would you find the enzyme enterokinase?

A

Bound to the brush border of the duodenal enterocytes

47
Q

What does trypsin do after being converted from trysinogen?

A

Activates other zymogens to active forms

48
Q

List the categories of pancreatic enzymes

A

Proteases
Nucleases
Elastases
Phospholipases
Lipases
Alpha amylase

49
Q

What is the function of proteases?

A

Cleave peptide bonds

50
Q

What is the function of nucleases?

A

Hydrolyse RNA/DNA

51
Q

What is the function of elastases?

A

Collagen distension

52
Q

What is the function of phospholipases?

A

Degrade phospholipids into fatty acids

53
Q

What is the function of lipases?

A

Degrade triglycerides into monoglycerides and fatty acids

54
Q

What is the function of alpha amylases?

A

Convert starch to maltose and glucose

55
Q

What is bicarbonate secretion stimulated by?

A

Secretin

56
Q

Why would secretin be released?

A

In response to acid in the duodenum.

So secretin will go in the blood and stimulate the release of bicarbonate which will neutralise the acid.

57
Q

What is zymogen secretion stimulated by?

A

CCK

58
Q

When will CCK be released?

A

In response to fat or amino acids in the duodenum.

59
Q

What is the long reflex in the GIT?

A

Vagal reflex

60
Q

What is the short reflex of the GIT?

A

Enteric NS reflex

61
Q

Summarise what will happen if there is fat or amino acids in the duodenum.

A

Increased CCK release
Enterogastrone released which activates zymogens
Enzymes will flow into the small intestine and help w digestion.

62
Q
A

Year 2- GIT (37 decks)

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