Upper GI pathology Flashcards
Barium swallow pathologies
dysphagia
- oesophageal strictures
- oesophageal cancer
- Achalasia
Dyspepsia
- reflux and oesophagitis
- oesophageal atresia
Dysphagia
Difficulty/obstruction of swallowing
- evaluation of oesophagus allows you to see motility/reflux
cervical spine osteophytes
- may cause compression of the oesophagus
- might lead to dysphagia and consequently weight loss
oesophageal strictures
- benign strictures
- radiation induced - can damage soft mucosal structures
- malignancy- squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), andenocarcinoma
oesophageal cancer
-apple core appearance
- very poor survival rate
- most common in those over 60
accounts for about 1% of malignancies
Achalasia
- is a functional disorder of the cardiac sphincter, which fails to relax during swallowing
- dilated oesophagus with tapered stricture at its lower end
reflux (dyspepsia)
can cause oesophagitis
- where mucosa pf the lower oesophagus becomes inflamed, due to reflux of gastric acid through incompetent cardiac sphincter
- this can cause scarring
symptoms of oesophagitis
- chest pain
- vomiting
- haematemesis- vomiting blood
hiatus hernia
- where part of the stomach moves up into the chest, through an opening in the diaphragm
Barium meals common pathologies
- gastritis
- peptic ulcers/perforation
- bezoars
- volvulus of stomach
- ca of stomach
cause of gastritis
- inflammation of the stomach
- can be acute or chronic
acute causes of gastritis
- alcohol over consumption
- diet
- food poisoning
- infections such as flu
chronic caused of gastritis
- stress
- long term medication
gastric/peptic ulcer cause
- inflammatory process and in the stomach is caused by pepsin, which breaks through the mucosal membrane
- can lead perforation or sepsis in several stages
bezoars
- gradual accumulation of fibrous material within the lumen
- surgery needed to remove the material
- phytobezoars- caused by plant material
- Trichobezoars - caused by chewing long hair
stomach volvulus
- twisting of part or all of the stomach by more than 180 degrees
stomach volvulus leads to
obstruction of the flow of material
variable loss of blood supply
possible tissue death
crohn’s disease
- inflammatory bowel condition that can occur in the small or large bowel.
age peaks of crohn’s disease
15-30 and 60-80
crohn’s disease can cause
diarrhoea, abdominal pain, weight loss, fatigue
sialography is done for
salivary duct obstruction
identifying ductal strictures
suspected duct dilation
duct dilation
- infection or autoimmune condition e.g. spleen syndrome
sialectasis
suspected duct dilation - infection
ERCP