Upper GI pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Barium swallow pathologies

A

dysphagia

  • oesophageal strictures
  • oesophageal cancer
  • Achalasia

Dyspepsia

  • reflux and oesophagitis
  • oesophageal atresia
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2
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty/obstruction of swallowing

- evaluation of oesophagus allows you to see motility/reflux

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3
Q

cervical spine osteophytes

A
  • may cause compression of the oesophagus

- might lead to dysphagia and consequently weight loss

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4
Q

oesophageal strictures

A
  • benign strictures
  • radiation induced - can damage soft mucosal structures
  • malignancy- squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), andenocarcinoma
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5
Q

oesophageal cancer

A

-apple core appearance
- very poor survival rate
- most common in those over 60
accounts for about 1% of malignancies

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6
Q

Achalasia

A
  • is a functional disorder of the cardiac sphincter, which fails to relax during swallowing
  • dilated oesophagus with tapered stricture at its lower end
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7
Q

reflux (dyspepsia)

A

can cause oesophagitis

  • where mucosa pf the lower oesophagus becomes inflamed, due to reflux of gastric acid through incompetent cardiac sphincter
  • this can cause scarring
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8
Q

symptoms of oesophagitis

A
  • chest pain
  • vomiting
  • haematemesis- vomiting blood
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9
Q

hiatus hernia

A
  • where part of the stomach moves up into the chest, through an opening in the diaphragm
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10
Q

Barium meals common pathologies

A
  • gastritis
  • peptic ulcers/perforation
  • bezoars
  • volvulus of stomach
  • ca of stomach
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11
Q

cause of gastritis

A
  • inflammation of the stomach

- can be acute or chronic

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12
Q

acute causes of gastritis

A
  • alcohol over consumption
  • diet
  • food poisoning
  • infections such as flu
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13
Q

chronic caused of gastritis

A
  • stress

- long term medication

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14
Q

gastric/peptic ulcer cause

A
  • inflammatory process and in the stomach is caused by pepsin, which breaks through the mucosal membrane
  • can lead perforation or sepsis in several stages
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15
Q

bezoars

A
  • gradual accumulation of fibrous material within the lumen
  • surgery needed to remove the material
  • phytobezoars- caused by plant material
  • Trichobezoars - caused by chewing long hair
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16
Q

stomach volvulus

A
  • twisting of part or all of the stomach by more than 180 degrees
17
Q

stomach volvulus leads to

A

obstruction of the flow of material
variable loss of blood supply
possible tissue death

18
Q

crohn’s disease

A
  • inflammatory bowel condition that can occur in the small or large bowel.
19
Q

age peaks of crohn’s disease

A

15-30 and 60-80

20
Q

crohn’s disease can cause

A

diarrhoea, abdominal pain, weight loss, fatigue

21
Q

sialography is done for

A

salivary duct obstruction
identifying ductal strictures
suspected duct dilation

22
Q

duct dilation

A
  • infection or autoimmune condition e.g. spleen syndrome
23
Q

sialectasis

A

suspected duct dilation - infection