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Diagnostic Imaging 3 > GI Anatomy > Flashcards

GI Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

upper GI anatomy includes

A
  • oral cavity
  • salivary glands
  • pharynx
  • oesophagus
  • stomach
  • liver, pancreas and gall bladder
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2
Q

lower GI anatomy

A

small and large intestine

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3
Q

structure of the GI Tract

A

comprised of 4 layers of tissue

  • serosa
  • muscle layer
  • sub mucosa
  • mucosa
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4
Q

serosa

A
  • the outer most layer
  • thorax - loose covering of fibrous tissues
  • Abdo/pelvis - peritoneum
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5
Q

muscle layer

A
  • 2 layers - contains blood and lymph vessels and nerves
  • involved in rhythmic contractions- peristalsis
  • sphincters- thickened rings of muscle allow entry and prevent backflow
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6
Q

sub mucosa

A
  • binds the muscle layer to the mucosa - contains blood and lymph vessels
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7
Q

mucosa

A

lining of the tract , mucous mebrane is columnar epithelium

- 3 functions - protect secrete and absorb

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8
Q

peritoneum - double layer

A

parietal and visceral peritoneum

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9
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

lines the anterior abdominal wall

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10
Q

visceral peritoneum

A
  • covers the abdominal organs with loops and folds

- anchors abdominal organs to the abdominal wall

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11
Q

organs that are covered almost entirely by the visceral peritoneum are called?

A

intraperitoneal

  • gall bladder
  • liver
  • stomach
  • transverse colon
  • jejunum
  • caecum
  • ileum
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12
Q

rgans that are only covered on their

anterior surface are referred to as?.

A

retroperitoneal.
Rectum, duodenum, ascending colon,
descending colon, adrenals, kidneys, bladder

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13
Q

3 parts of the pharynx

A
  • nasopharynx - respiratory
  • oropharynx - respirative and digestive
  • laryngopharynx - respirative and digestive
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14
Q

oesophagus

A
  • 25cm long, 2cm diameter
  • centrally located
  • has 2 sphincters - upper and lower
  • joins the stomach inferiorly
  • sharp upwards curve to reduce regurgitation of stomach contents
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15
Q

the stomach

A
  • ‘J -shaped’
  • continuous with the oesophagus at the lower oesophageal sphincter
  • continuous with the duodenum at the pyloric sphincter
  • located under the left hemidiaphragm
  • divided into 3 regions -fundus, body, pylorus
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16
Q

stomach internal mucosa

A
  • has longitudinal folds (rugae) - allows the stomach to stretch according to volume of contents
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17
Q

gross anatomy of liver

A
  • largest gland in the body
  • divided into 2 main lobes by the falciform ligament
  • ## 2 smaller lobes: caudate and quadrate lobe
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18
Q

anatomical position of liver

A

mostly RUQ

covers most of the RT hypochondriac region, extends across the epigastric region and into the LT hypochondriac region

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19
Q

anatomic associations

A
  • sup and ant - diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall
  • inf - stomach, bile ducts, duodenum, hepatic flecure colon, rt kidney and adrenal gland
  • post oesophagus, IVC, gallbladder, diaphragm and spine
  • lat - lower ribs
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20
Q

Liver portal vein

A
  • ## blood from stomach, spleen, pancreas, small and large intestine
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21
Q

liver Hepatic artery

A

carries arterial blood from the abdominal aorta

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22
Q

liver Hepatic ducts

A
  • carrying bile from the liver the gallbladder for storage
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23
Q

liver lymphatic vessels

A

draining to the abdominal and thoracic nodes

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24
Q

liver hepatic veins

A

venous return to the IVC

25
Q

liver function carbohydrate metabolism

A
  • maintaining plasma glucose levels

- conversion of glucose to glycogen when levels are high

26
Q

liver function fat metabolism

A
  • stored fats can be converted to a form which can be used as energy
27
Q

liver function protein metabolism

A

dea,ination of amino acids

removes the nitrogenous portion of AA making urea which is secreted as urine

28
Q

liver function synthesis of plasma proteins

A
  • plasma proteins are produced by the liver
29
Q

liver function red blood cell break down

A
  • break down of red blood cells - phagocytic hepatuc macrophages
30
Q

liver function detoxification

A

toxic substances which arrive at the liver in the blood are deactivated

31
Q

liver function secretion of bile

A
  • assists with fat digestion

- making cholesterol and fatty acids more water soluble

32
Q

liver function - heat production

A
  • high metablic rate produces more heat

- large organ

33
Q

pancreas gross anatomy

A
  • 12-15cm long

- divided into broad head, body and tail sections

34
Q

pancreas anatomical position

A
  • transverses the RT and LT upper quadrants
35
Q

pancreas anatomical associations

A
  • head - curve of the duodenum
  • body - posterior to the stomach
  • tail - anterior to the spleen
36
Q

endocrine function of the pancreas

A
  • releases hormones from internal glands into the circulatory system to act to act on and regulate distant organs
37
Q

exocrine function of pancreas

A

secretes it products into ducts for transport

pancreatic juice is produced, containing enzymes to digest carbohydrates, proteins and fats

38
Q

just before entering the duodenum, the pancreatic duct….

A

joins with the common bile duct to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla- which opens in to the duodenum via hepatopancreatic sphincter

38
Q

just before entering the duodenum, the pancreatic duct….

A

joins with the common bile duct to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla- which opens in to the duodenum via hepatopancreatic sphincter

39
Q

small intestine comprises of

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ilieum
40
Q

duodenum

A
  • secretions from the gallbladder and pancreas enter the duodenum
  • 25cm long
  • 1st part of the small bowel
41
Q

jejunum

A
  • 2nd part of the small intestine
  • extends from the duodenum to ileum
  • 2.5m in length
42
Q

ileum

A
  • final part of the small intestine

- 3.5m in lenth

43
Q

microscopic anatomy of small intestine

villi

A

villi

  • 1mm high
  • velvety texture
  • longest in the duodenum
44
Q

microscopic anatomy of small intestine

microvilli

A
  • brush border appearance

- contain enzymes to help compete carbohydrate digestion

45
Q

microscopic anatomy of small intestine

permanent circular folds

A

increased SA = increased absorption of nutrients and products of digestion

46
Q

permanent circular folds (valvulae conniventes)

A

deep folds in the mucosa and submucosa - 1cm in depth
increases time available for absorption
when small intestine is distended - they are ruggae like

47
Q

large intestine

A
  • located peripherally to the small intesine which it surrounds within the abdominal cavity
  • 6.5cm diameter
  • 1.5m in length
48
Q

large intestine is comprised of

A
  • caecum
  • colon
  • rectum
49
Q

large intestine - caecum

A
  • start of the large intestine
  • continuous with ascending colon
  • appendix - fine closed tube, 8-9cm
  • contains lymphoid tissue
50
Q

4 parts of the colon

A

ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon

51
Q

ascending colon

A
  • passes up from the caecum to the liver then curves acutely to the left to become transverse colon
52
Q

transverse colon

A

extends across the abdominal cavity in front of the duodenum and stomach to the location of the spleen.

curves acutely downwards (splenic flexure) to become the descending colon

53
Q

descending colon

A

passes down the left side of the abdominal cavity

at the level of the iliac crest, it becomes the sigmoid colon

54
Q

sigmoid colon

A

s-shaped curve that continues in the pelvic cavity to become the rectum

55
Q

rectum

A

13cm in length

slightly dialated

56
Q

anal canal

A
  • 4cm long
  • passage from the rectum to the anus
  • 2 muscular sphincters - internal - smooth muscle - autonomic nervous system
    external sphincter - skeletal muscle - voluntary control
57
Q

large intestine imaging

A
  • barium enema
  • CT abdomen with contrast
  • transit time study
  • CT colonography

Diagnostic Imaging 3 (18 decks)

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