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Pathology (m) > Upper GI > Flashcards

Upper GI Flashcards

1
Q

What is the time scale for something to be classed as chronic?

A

3 months

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2
Q

Itis =

A

Inflammation

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3
Q

Define chronic gastritis

A

Ongoing inflammation of the stomach mucosa

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4
Q

Inflammation of the stomach mucosa can…

A

Make you more vulnerable to other diseases (carcinoma/dysplasia)

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5
Q

Compare to acute gastritis symptoms of chronic gastritis are less ______ but more _______

A

Severe

Persistent

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6
Q 
Upper abdo pain
Indegestion/bloating
Socially uncomfortable sounds
N&V
Loss of appetite/weight loss 
Are symptoms of...
A

Chronic gastritis

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7
Q

Causes of chronic gastritis are… (ABCO)

A

Autoimmune diseases
Bacterial (H Pylori)
Chemical
Other = stress

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8
Q

H Pylori is gram…

A

-

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9
Q

How does H Pylori survive in the bowel? (2)

A
  1. By penetrating the surface and ‘hiding’ in the mucosa.
  2. Produces urease
    * will not live on surface because it will die due to o2 supply*
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10
Q

How is H Pylori (probably) acquired?

A

Faecal-oral route

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11
Q

80% of H Pylori is

A

Asymptomatic

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12
Q

5-10% of H Pylori causes

A

Peptic ulcer disease

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13
Q

H Pylori can affect any part of the main body of the stomach
True
False

A

True

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14
Q

What are the 2 most common causes of peptic ulcer disease (PUD)?

A

H Pylori

NSAIDs

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15
Q

If pain comes 2hrs after eating this would indicate that the ulcer is located in the…

A

Duodenum

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16
Q

If pain comes straight after eating this would indicate that the ulcer is located in the…

A

Stomach

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17
Q

Pain worse after eating and at night are symptoms of

A

PUD

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18
Q

Define peptic ulcer disease…

A

A lesion in the digestive tract lining (mucosa)

19
Q

Name the complications associated with PUD…

A

Bleeding leading to anaemia
Massive haematemsis
Perforation leading to peritonitis
Long term cancer on the edge of the ulcer

20
Q

What happens to the cells in the oesophagus during Barrett’s oesophagus (BO)?

A

Metplasia

squamous epithelium is replaced with columnar epithelium and goblet cells

21
Q

What is the reasons the cells adapt in BO?

A

Due to chronic acid exposure from refulx

22
Q

During endoscopy what would BO show?

A

Red and white patches

23
Q

What does BO have a strong association with?

A

Oesophageal adenocarcinoma

24
Q

Upper GI malignancy areas (3)

A

Oesophageal
Stomach
Small bowel

25
Q

Name the risk factors of oesphogeal squamous cell carcinoma…

A

Alcohol
Tobacco
Caustic injury
Achlasia (damage to nerves in oesoph)

26
Q

What can patients with oesophogeal cancer develop?

A

Chest infections

27
Q

Name the late symptoms of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma…

A 
Dysphagia
Weight loss
Haemorrahge
Sepsis
Resipratory fistula with aspiration
28
Q

Define adenocarcinoma…

A

Cancer developing from a gland

29
Q

What is oesophageal adenocarcinoma largely caused by?

A

Dysplastic changes in BO

30
Q

How does oesophageal carcinoma sprerad?

A

Direct (quickly to surrounding tissues)
Lymphatics
Haematogenous (via blood)

31
Q 
Adenocarcinoma stomach makes up
A: 50%
B: 90%
C: 5%
Of gastric malignancies
A

B

32
Q 
Pernicious anemia
Intestinal metplasia
Neoplastic polyps
Helicobacter associated gastritis 
are...
A

Precursor lesions

Change in the appearance or nature of a cell before it becomes cancerous

33
Q

Early symptoms of adenocarcinoma stomach can often be mistaken for…

A

Gastritis

34
Q

Advance symptoms of adenocarcinoma stomach are…

A

Weight loss
Anaemia
Anorexia
Haemorrhage

35
Q

How does adenocarcinoma spread?

A 
Direct
Lymphatics (virchows node= inflamm)
Haematogenous
Transcolemic
Omentum
Mesentry
Ovary
36
Q

Define neoplasia…

A

The presence or formation of new abnormal growth or tissue

37
Q

Name the different types of small bowel neoplasia…

A

Adenocarcinoma (rare)
GI stromal tumor
Lymphoma
Carcinoid tumour

38
Q

Name the risk factors for small bowel neoplasia…

A

Crohns disease
Coeliac disease
Radiation expsoure
Hereditary

39
Q

Define coeliac disease…

A

Extensive mucosal disease disease related to sensitivity to gluten

40
Q

Is coeliac disease an autoimmune disease?

A

Yes

41
Q

How can coeliac disease be diagnosed?

A 
Biopsy
Blood test (TTG)
42
Q

Coeliac disease can lead to…

A

Adenocarcinoma and lymphoma of the small bowel

43
Q

-Anaemia
-Fatigue
-Failure to thrive (kids)
-Chronic
-Constipation/diarrhoea
-Pain and discomfort of the digestive track
Are symptoms of…

A

Coeliac disease

Pathology (m) (11 decks)

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