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Pathology (m) > Immunity and disease > Flashcards

Immunity and disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunity?

A

Protection against bacteria, fungi and virus

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2
Q

What does the immune system do?

A

Distinguishes non-self molecules from self ones

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3
Q

Name the 2 main pathways…

A

Innate

Adaptive

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4
Q

Give examples of innate immunity defence mechanisms?

A 
Skin
Mucosa
Phagocytic cells
Inflam
Fever
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5
Q

Name non-specific defences…

A

Intact skin
Muscosa
Cillia

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6
Q

The outer layer of the skin acts as a…

A

Mechanical barrier

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7
Q

What contains anti-microbal chemicals on our skin?

A

Sweat and oils

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8
Q

What do interferon proteins do?

A

Inhibit the replication of viruses

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9
Q

What do granulocytes do in phagocytosis?

A

Remove dead cells and microorganisms

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10
Q

WBC are attracted to the site how?

A

From inflammatory response of damaged cells

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11
Q

Macrophages also help in phagocytosis, true or false?

A

True

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12
Q

Name the non-specific responses to infection…

A 
Fever
Redness
Swelling
Pain
Acute phase proteins released from liver
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13
Q

Why does a raised temp try to protect us?

A

Because most bacteria grows below body temp

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14
Q

Why are acute phased proteins released from liver?

A

To bind to bacteria and activate complement proteins

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15
Q

What protein signals to macrophages releasE?

A

Interleukin 1 & 6

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16
Q

Where are lymphocytes produced?

A

Bone marrow

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17
Q

When B&T cells mature they circulate where?

A

Blood and lymph

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18
Q

Why is it beneficial for B&T cells to be in circulation?

A

So they come into contact with pathogens & each other

19
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

Bone marrow

20
Q

What do B cells do?

A

Secrete anti-bodies

21
Q

Which cell is involved in humoral immunity?

A

B

22
Q

Which cell is involved in cell-mediated immunity?

A

T

23
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

A

Seek out and destroy any antigens in the system (some can target cancer cells)

24
Q

What to helper T cells do?

A

Stimulate B cells to produce antibodies

Activate cytotoxic T cells and macrophages to attack infected cells

25
Q

How do T cells recognise an invader?

A

Macrophage identifies a non-self protein first and takes it to helper T cell and if helper T cell knows its not self, immune response is launched (see diagram)

26
Q

HIV destroys what?

A

Helper T cells- immune response therefore poor

27
Q

B cells differentiate into what?

A

Plasma cells that produce antibodies

Memory cells e.g. chicken pox

28
Q

Immunodeficiency means people are…

A

Prone to infections

29
Q

Over reactive immune systems lead to…

A

Hypersensitivity reactions

30
Q

Failure to recognise self leads to…

A

Auto-immune diseases

31
Q

What can cause immunodeficiency?

A

HIV
Chemo/drugs
Splenectomy
Bone marrow dysfunction

32
Q

What can cause hyperactivity?

A

Allergy
Auto-immunity
Overreaction to pathogen

33
Q

Which cells does HIV affect?

A

CD4 +T

34
Q

What are the HIV stages of progression?

A

Infection
Latency
Aids

35
Q

Define secondary immunodeficiency…

A

Caused by outside factors e.g. HIV/chemo

36
Q

Causes of secondary immunodeficiency?

A 
Malnutrition
Burns
Uremia
Diabetes mellitus 
Immunotoxic meds
AIDS
Alcohol/self med of recreational drugs
37
Q

Over reaction to a pathogen is called…

A

Systematic inflammatory response syndrome

38
Q

Examples of hypersensitivity

A

Asthma
Hay fever
Peanut allergy

39
Q

Examples of autoimmune diseases

A

Diabetes
MS
Coeliac disease
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

40
Q

How can we manipulate the immune system?

A

Organ transplant

Vaccine

41
Q

E.g. of live vaccine (live weakened pathogen)

A

MMR

42
Q

E.g. of inactivated vaccine (inactive part of pathogen)

A

Hep B

43
Q

E.g. of toxoid vaccine (bacterial toxin)

A

Diptheria

44
Q

E.g. of conjugated vaccine (antigen linked to protein carrier)

A

Pneumococcal

Pathology (m) (11 decks)

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