Thrombosis and embolism Flashcards
Define thrombosis…
A solid or semi-solid mass from the constituents of blood while moving in the vascular system
Where can thrombi form?
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
Lumen of heart
Thrombi in the veins can cause…
Oedema
Thrombi in the arteries can cause…
Ischaemia or embolism
Thrombi in the capillaries can cause…
Scattered ischaemic lesions
What could trigger thrombi in the capillaries?
Infections Septicemia Malaria Neoplasms Liver disease
Factors that promote thrombosis are…
Abnormalities of
Vessel wall, blood flow and blood constituents
What causes abnormalities of the vessel wall in the arteries?
Atheroma
What causes abnormalities of the vessel wall in the heart?
Myo infarc
Rheumatic endocarditis
What causes abnormalities of the vessel wall in the veins?
Trauma
Inflammation
Chemicals e.g. glucose in diabetes
What causes abnormalities of the vessel wall in capillaries?
Inflammation
What are abnormalities of blood flow in the arteries?
Turbulence (anurysms/plaques/spasm)
What are abnormalities of blood flow in the heart?
Atrial fib
Anurysm
What are abnormalities of blood flow in the vein?
Local prob (compression/inactivity) General prob (heart failure/circulatory shock)
What are abnormalities of blood constituents?
Increased viscosity
Hyperproteinaemia
Abnormalities of clotting
3 fates of blood clots are…
Resolution
Organisation
Detachment
Resolution means…
Fibrinolyisis occurs
Detachment means…
Thromboembolism occurs
Define embolism…
The transport of abnormal material by the blood stream and its impact on bv
Types of emboli are…
Thrombi Fat Gas Tumour matieral Infective agents Atheroma Amniotic fluid Foreign bodies
What can cause hypovaelemic shock?
Haemorrhage
Severe burns
What can cause cardiogenic shock?
Large acute myo infarct
Other acute cardiac diseases
What can cause septic shock?
Endotoxins from gram +/- bacteria
What can cause anaphylactic shock?
Severe allergic reactions
What can cause neurogenic shock?
Spinal cord trauma
Regional anaesthesia
What can cause obstructive shock?
Cardiac tamponade
Tension pneumothorax
Massive pulmonary embolism
Name the clinical features of shock…
Low bp Tachycardia High or low rests Low u/o Metabolic acidosis Hypoxia Vasoconstriction/dilation Anxiety/agitation/indifference/lethargy/obtunded
