Female repro Flashcards
Common presenting complaints are… (4)
Vaginal bleeding
Pain
Discharge
Infertility
Cervical screening takes a sample of cells from the…
Endocervix
What age does cervical screening start?
25
Up until you are 49 years of age how often do cervical screenings occur?
3 years
Once you are over 49 how often do cervical screenings occur?
5 years
What is the aim of cervical screening?
To detect disease in the early stages before it becomes invasive
What are a vast amount of cervical carcinomas caused by?
HPV
What does HPV stand for?
Human papilloma virus
How is HPV contracted?
Sexually
Low risk HPV can be…
Warts/verrucas
What is HPV thought to be the main cause of?
CIN (cervical invasive carcinoma)
Dyskariosis means…
Abnormal cytologic changes (usually categorised into 3 stages)
If there are abnormalities in the cervical screening, what are people referred to?
Colposcopy
CIN I/II/II are microscopic lesions that affect the cervix and if…
Left untreated could potentially develop into cervical cancer
Risk factors of cervical cancer…
HPV
Smoking
Not attending CSP
Symptoms of cervical cancer…
Discharge
Bleeding
Treatment of cervical cancer…
Hysterectomy
Chemoradiotherapy
Symptoms of endocervical polyps…
Irregular vaginal bleeding and spotting
Endocervical polyps can be removed via…
Hysteroscopy
Endocervical polyps are benign lesions…
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Menorrhagia is what?
Heavy periods
What amount of blood loss is considered menorrhagia?
80ml+
What does menorrhagia cause?
DUB
Fibroids
Endometriosis
Polyps
Name treatments of menorrhagia…
Mirena coil Mefanamic and tranexamic acid COCP Depo provera Endometrial ablation Hysterectomy
Fibroids are common what?
Benign tumours
Which part of the female repro do fibroids originate from?
Myometrium
Symptoms fibroids…
Heavy/painful periods
Pelvic pain
Distension
Endometritis and PID are mainly caused by…
Usually sexually transmitted infection
What symptoms can endometritis and PID present…
Abdominal discharge, pain or bleeding (can be asymptomatic)
Endometritis and PID are NOT major causes of infertility…
TRUE or FALE
False
Define endometriosis…
Endometrial tissue outside the endometrium
Symptoms of endometriosis…
Painful periods
Pelvic periods
Painful sex
Treatment of endometriosis…
COCP
Mirena
Zoladex
Surgery
Where do endometrial polyps originate from…
Endometrial cavity
How can endometrial polyps be removed?
Can be removed at hysteroscopy
Endometrial cancer is cancer of…
The lining of the uterus
How is endometrial cancer diagnosed…
Via biopsy
Risk factors of endometrial cancer…
Nulliparity (not had kids)
High BMI
HRT
Late menopause
People with endometrial cancer usually undergo…
TAH (Total abdominal hysterectomy)
BSO (Bilateral salpingo oophrectomy)
What does endometrial carcinoma usually present as?
Post menopausal bleeding
Risk factor of endometrial carcinoma…
Obesity
Oestrogen exposure
Treatment of endometrial carcinoma…
Hysterectomy
3 types of ovarian cysts…
Follicular cysts
Cystadenomas
Benign mature teratomas
Define cancer…
Any malignant tumour
Define carcinoma…
A malignant tissue of epithelial tissue
Which ovarian cyst is filled with a solid substance?
Benign mature teratomas
Which ovarian cysts are large and fluid filled?
Cystadenomas
Which ovarian cysts are benign and very common…
Follicular cysts
Define polycystic ovarian syndrome…
Multiple follicular cysts on ovary
Symptoms of polycystic ovarian syndrome…
Irregular periods
No periods
Infertility
Treatments of polycystic ovarian syndromes…
COCP
Metformin
Clomifene
Complications of the treatment of polycystic ovarian syndromes…
Increased CV risk
Increased risk T2DM
Increased problems and pregnancy
Name the 4 origins of where ovarian cysts arise from…
Surface epithelial cells
Germ cells
Sex-cord stroma
Metastasis
Ovarian cysts can be _____ or _______
Benign
Malignant
Miscarriage occurs mainly in the…
1st 12 weeks
On blood tests what would indicate ectopic pregnancy…
Raised beta HCG levels
