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Pathology (m) > Female repro > Flashcards

Female repro Flashcards

1
Q

Common presenting complaints are… (4)

A

Vaginal bleeding
Pain
Discharge
Infertility

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2
Q

Cervical screening takes a sample of cells from the…

A

Endocervix

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3
Q

What age does cervical screening start?

A

25

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4
Q

Up until you are 49 years of age how often do cervical screenings occur?

A

3 years

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5
Q

Once you are over 49 how often do cervical screenings occur?

A

5 years

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6
Q

What is the aim of cervical screening?

A

To detect disease in the early stages before it becomes invasive

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7
Q

What are a vast amount of cervical carcinomas caused by?

A

HPV

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8
Q

What does HPV stand for?

A

Human papilloma virus

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9
Q

How is HPV contracted?

A

Sexually

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10
Q

Low risk HPV can be…

A

Warts/verrucas

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11
Q

What is HPV thought to be the main cause of?

A

CIN (cervical invasive carcinoma)

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12
Q

Dyskariosis means…

A

Abnormal cytologic changes (usually categorised into 3 stages)

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13
Q

If there are abnormalities in the cervical screening, what are people referred to?

A

Colposcopy

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14
Q

CIN I/II/II are microscopic lesions that affect the cervix and if…

A

Left untreated could potentially develop into cervical cancer

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15
Q

Risk factors of cervical cancer…

A

HPV
Smoking
Not attending CSP

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16
Q

Symptoms of cervical cancer…

A

Discharge

Bleeding

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17
Q

Treatment of cervical cancer…

A

Hysterectomy

Chemoradiotherapy

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18
Q

Symptoms of endocervical polyps…

A

Irregular vaginal bleeding and spotting

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19
Q

Endocervical polyps can be removed via…

A

Hysteroscopy

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20
Q

Endocervical polyps are benign lesions…

TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

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21
Q

Menorrhagia is what?

A

Heavy periods

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22
Q

What amount of blood loss is considered menorrhagia?

A

80ml+

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23
Q

What does menorrhagia cause?

A

DUB
Fibroids
Endometriosis
Polyps

24
Q

Name treatments of menorrhagia…

A 
Mirena coil 
Mefanamic and tranexamic acid
COCP
Depo provera
Endometrial ablation
Hysterectomy
25
Q

Fibroids are common what?

A

Benign tumours

26
Q

Which part of the female repro do fibroids originate from?

A

Myometrium

27
Q

Symptoms fibroids…

A

Heavy/painful periods
Pelvic pain
Distension

28
Q

Endometritis and PID are mainly caused by…

A

Usually sexually transmitted infection

29
Q

What symptoms can endometritis and PID present…

A

Abdominal discharge, pain or bleeding (can be asymptomatic)

30
Q

Endometritis and PID are NOT major causes of infertility…

TRUE or FALE

A

False

31
Q

Define endometriosis…

A

Endometrial tissue outside the endometrium

32
Q

Symptoms of endometriosis…

A

Painful periods
Pelvic periods
Painful sex

33
Q

Treatment of endometriosis…

A

COCP
Mirena
Zoladex
Surgery

34
Q

Where do endometrial polyps originate from…

A

Endometrial cavity

35
Q

How can endometrial polyps be removed?

A

Can be removed at hysteroscopy

36
Q

Endometrial cancer is cancer of…

A

The lining of the uterus

37
Q

How is endometrial cancer diagnosed…

A

Via biopsy

38
Q

Risk factors of endometrial cancer…

A

Nulliparity (not had kids)
High BMI
HRT
Late menopause

39
Q

People with endometrial cancer usually undergo…

A

TAH (Total abdominal hysterectomy)

BSO (Bilateral salpingo oophrectomy)

40
Q

What does endometrial carcinoma usually present as?

A

Post menopausal bleeding

41
Q

Risk factor of endometrial carcinoma…

A

Obesity

Oestrogen exposure

42
Q

Treatment of endometrial carcinoma…

A

Hysterectomy

43
Q

3 types of ovarian cysts…

A

Follicular cysts
Cystadenomas
Benign mature teratomas

44
Q

Define cancer…

A

Any malignant tumour

45
Q

Define carcinoma…

A

A malignant tissue of epithelial tissue

46
Q

Which ovarian cyst is filled with a solid substance?

A

Benign mature teratomas

47
Q

Which ovarian cysts are large and fluid filled?

A

Cystadenomas

48
Q

Which ovarian cysts are benign and very common…

A

Follicular cysts

49
Q

Define polycystic ovarian syndrome…

A

Multiple follicular cysts on ovary

50
Q

Symptoms of polycystic ovarian syndrome…

A

Irregular periods
No periods
Infertility

51
Q

Treatments of polycystic ovarian syndromes…

A

COCP
Metformin
Clomifene

52
Q

Complications of the treatment of polycystic ovarian syndromes…

A

Increased CV risk
Increased risk T2DM
Increased problems and pregnancy

53
Q

Name the 4 origins of where ovarian cysts arise from…

A

Surface epithelial cells
Germ cells
Sex-cord stroma
Metastasis

54
Q

Ovarian cysts can be _____ or _______

A

Benign

Malignant

55
Q

Miscarriage occurs mainly in the…

A

1st 12 weeks

56
Q

On blood tests what would indicate ectopic pregnancy…

A

Raised beta HCG levels

Pathology (m) (11 decks)

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