Acute and chronic inflammation Flashcards
Name the causes of inflammation
Foreign bodies (splinter) Infections (bacterial/viral/fungal) Ischaemia/infarction (heart attack) Physical and chemical damage (acid burns) Immune reactions (asthma)
Define inflammation
The host response to tissue damage
Why does vasodilation occur in acute inflam?
To increase blood flow to injured area
What influences vasodilation?
Histamine and nitric acid
Increased permeability leads to what?
Oedema as fluids leaks into extravascular tissue
Vasodilation and increased permeability leads to…
Blood stasis
If endothelial cells become injured or contract this causes what?
Extravascular leakage
Define main aim of inflam
Recruit leukocytes to area of damage
Marigination =
Rbc in the middle wbc near the endothelial cells
Transmigration =
Wbc going into extravascular space
Opsonin receptors recognise…
Microbes that have been coated with protein
Cytokine receptors respond to…
Cytokines
G protein coupled receptors recognise…
N-formymethionyl of bacteria as well as chemokine breakdown
Aim of acute inflam…
To resolve injury and promote healing
Chronic inflam is caused by
Acute inflam (not as common) Persistent infection Immune mediated inflam (parasite/myobacteria) Prolonged exposure to toxic agen (atherosclerosis)
Tissue damage can occur when…
There is a long inflammatory reaction
What are the signs of attempted healing?
Connective tissue repair
Increased growth of small bv
Fibrosis
Clinical signs of chronic inflam
Redness (rubor) Heat (calor) Swelling (tumor) Pain (dolor) Loss of function
What are the outcomes of acute inflam?
Complete resolution
Healing by fibrosis
Abscess formation
Chronic inflam
Signs and symptoms of chronic inflam?
Fever Tachycardia Hypotension Raised CRP Raised WCC
Name the more severe side effects of chronic inflam
Anorexia
General malaise
Sepsis
Which type of inflam is short lived and is a rapid response?
Acute
Which wbc is dominant in acute inflam?
Neutrophil
Exaggerated inflame response can cause…
Allergies
Hypersensitivity reactions
Autoimmune diseases
Poor immune responses can cause…
Immunodeficency conditions/diseases
Medication for inflam…
NSAIDS
Anti-histamines
Steroids
Targeted biologics
No inflam response leads to…
Tissue damage
Prolonged healing of wounds
+ Infection susceptibility
Acute appendicitis symptoms are…
Pyrexia Raised HR Nausea/vomiting Raised WCC/CRP *If CRP +100, not good*
Complications of acute appendicitis is…
Possible perforation leading to peritonitis/abscess formation
Septic arthritis symptoms are…
Pyrexia
Raised HR
Raised WCC/CRP
Possible causes of septic arthritis?
Prosthetic joint Recent surgery/trauma to knee Age RA Immunodeficiency
Treatment of septic arthritis?
IV abx
Joint aspirate
Sepsis 6
In a minor injury such as a sprained ankle, is the inflam response of any use?
No
Rheumatoid arthritis is…
Chronic autoimmune inflammatory condition
During rheumatoid arthritis macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma attempt to remove foreign agents which causes…
Health tissue damage
Treatments of RA?
Steroids
DMARDs
Biologics
Name a disorder where initially, it is acute inflam but leads to chronic inflam…
Peptic ulcers
Treatment of peptic ulcers?
PPI’s
Abx
Histamine receptor agonist
