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Pathology (m) > Disorders of growth 1&2 > Flashcards

Disorders of growth 1&2 Flashcards

1
Q

Neoplasm is…

A

A new growth

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2
Q

Neoplasia is…

A

The process in which a neoplasm is formed

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3
Q

Tumour is another word for…

A

Neoplasm

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4
Q

How do we classify behaviour?

A

Benign and malignant

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5
Q

Aetiological means looking at…

A

If the tumour is caused by environmental or inheritance factors

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6
Q

How do benign tumours grow?

A

Through expansion

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7
Q

How do malignant tumours grow?

A

Infiltrates into a tissue it surrounds and spreads to other parts of body

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8
Q

Define primary tumour…

A

Original malignant tumour

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9
Q

Define secondary tumour…

A

‘Offspring’ of a primary malignant tumour

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10
Q

Metastasis means…

A

Secondary tumour
OR
Process by which a secondary tumour is formed

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11
Q

What are the two ways malignant tumours spread…

A

Local or distant

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12
Q

Local invasion means…

A

Direct invasion of local tissues and get stuck to things surrounding their anatomy

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13
Q

Distant invasion means…

A

Via metastasis/lymph/blood

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14
Q

Name the routes of metastasis…

A 
Lymphatics
Blood
Transcolemic 
Along epithelium lined spaces
With epithelium
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15
Q

Describe the route of metastasis via lymphatics…

A

Directly invades lymphatics
Tumour emboli filtered out
Tumour emboli then grows in LN

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16
Q

Describe the route of metastasis via blood…

A

Tumour may invade blood vessels
Emboli filtered out by capillary beds and lodge themselves in the liver and the lung
Sarcoma commonly spread by the blood

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17
Q

Describe route of metastasis via transcolemic spread…

A

Occurs via body cavities

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18
Q

Example of metastasis via epithelial lined spaces…

A

Bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma of lung

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19
Q

Examples of metastasis within epithelium…

A

Paget’s disease of nipple, vulva and anus

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20
Q

Name the particular types of metastasis…

A 
Lymph nodes
Liver (common site of metastasis)
Lungs (common site of metastasis)
Bone (breast can spread to bone) 
Brain
Endocrines
Skin
21
Q

Name the 3 types of malignant tumours…

A

Cancer (any malignant tumour)
Carcinoma (a malignant tumour of the epithelial tissue)
Sarcoma (a malignant tumour of stromal tissue)

22
Q

Oma means…

Sarcoma means…

A

Benign

Malignant

23
Q

Name some benign epithelium tumours…

A

Papilloma (classically used in skin lesions)
Adenoma (glandular differentiation)
Cystadenoma (glandular and cystic elements, classically used in the ovary)
Polyp (mass- can be inflammatory)

24
Q

Names given to tumours depend on what?

A

Site
Behaviour
Histogenesis

25
Q

Leukaemia is…

A

A neoplastic proliferation of haemopoeitc stem cells (blood born)

26
Q

Lymphoma is…

A

malignant proliferation of cells of lymphoid tissue (cancer within the lymph nodes)

27
Q

2 types of lymphoma…

A

Hodgkins lymphoma

Non-hodgkins lymphoma

28
Q

Teratoma…

A

arises from “totipotential” cells, producing tissues representing all three germ cell layers
Ovary and testes

29
Q

Teratoma of the ovary are termed…

A

Mature cystic teratomas (benign)

Immature more likely to recur

30
Q

Precursor malignant conditions are…

A

Precursor lesions (neoplastic or non-neoplastic)

31
Q

Non-neoplastic premalignant conditions examples…

A
  • chronic inflammation
    e. g. varicose leg ulcers can lead to skin cancer
    • cirrhosis of the liver result of chronic inflam and scaring of tissue
      e. g. hepatocellular carcinoma
    • chronic ulcerative colitis result of chronic inflam and damage to epithelium
      e. g. adenocarcinoma of the large intestine
    • xeroderma pigmentosum
      e. g.squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
32
Q

Neoplastic premalignant condition examples…

A

*familial polyposis coli- if you have full form FAP you will get colon cancer, carcinoma is inevitable
1000s of large intestinal adenomas

*intra-epithelial neoplasia: broad term that covers premalignant stage of many tumours

33
Q

Cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia has stages are…

A 
Normal
CIN1 
CIN2
CIN3
Beyond = invasive carcinoma
Basis of cervical screening programme
34
Q

Tumour grading is…

A

How bad the tumour looks under microscope- subjective view from pathologist

35
Q

Tumour staging…

A

Description of how far the tumour has spread

36
Q

Tumour grading only relevant for…

A

Malignant tumours

37
Q

Tumour grading is spread into how many grades?

A

Grade 1 well differentiated
to
Grade 3/4 poor differentiated

38
Q

Problems with tumour grading?

A

Subjective
Poor reproducibility
Appearances vary from area to area within most tumours
Need different criteria for each histogenesis only modest predictor of outcome

39
Q

Tumour staging is based on 3 main features…

A

Size of primary tumour
Extent of lymph node disease
Any blood-borne metastasis
TNM

40
Q

T =

A

Size of tumour T1-T4

41
Q

N =

A

Extent of lymph node involvement N0-N3

42
Q

M =

A

Any evidence of metastasis at a distant site M0-M1

43
Q

Size varies with what?

A

Site of tumour

44
Q

Effects of tumours in general…

A

Displacement or destruction of normal structures
Excess “normal” function
Paraneoplastic phenomena

45
Q

Effects of benign tumours…

A 
Mechanical pressure
Obstruction
Ulceration 
Infarction of pedunculated tumour
Infection
Hormone production
Rupture of cystic neoplasm
Malignant change
46
Q

Effects of malignant tumours…

A 
Tissue destruction
Haemorrhage
Secondary Infection
Cachexia (weight loss)
Pain
Anemia
Paraneoplastic syndromes
47
Q

Examples of paraneoplastic syndromes

A 
Peripheral neuropathy
Thrombophlebitis migrans
Acanthosis nigricans
Nephrotic syndrome
Finger clubbing
Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy
Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis
48
Q

How are paraneoplastic syndromes caused?

A

By ectopic hormone production

Pathology (m) (11 decks)

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