Upper GI Flashcards
Alimentary canal
oral cavity to anus
What are the 5 phases of breakdown of food?
- ingestion
- fragmentation
- digestion
- absorption
- elimination
Ingestion
occurs in the oral cavity
Fragmentation
forms a bolus
Where does the initiation of digestion occur?
the stomach
Peristalsis
contraction of smooth muscle
under autonomic control
In the duodenum
emussification of fat
due to pancreatic and bile secretions
In jejunum and ileum
primary aborption of nutrients
in colon
what it does
resoprtion of water and eliminaiton of waste
ankyloglossia
tongue tied
frenulum is too short
GALT
diffuse lymphoid tissue
scattered in the GI
What are the four layer of the GI tract form in to outer?
- mucosa
- submucosa
- muscularis externa
- serosa (adventitia)
What are the 3 functions of the mucosa?
- protection
- secretion
- absorption
What are the 3 layers of the mucosa in the GI?
epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae
What are the four types of Muscosal variations?
- protective
- secretory
- absorptive
- absorptive/protective
Where does the greatest variation occur in the GI wall layers?
mucosal layers
Where is protective mucosa found?
oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and anal canal
Where is secretory mucosa found?
in the stomach
Where is absorptive mucosa found?
entirety of the small intestine
where is absorptive/protective mucosa found
in the large intestine
What the locations of transition of mucosa?
- gastro-esophageal junction
- gastroduodenal junction
- ileocecal junction
- anorectal junctio
Segmnetation
- local contraction
- propels food proximally and distally
Periostalsis propels food
distally only
Serosa =
visceral peritoneum
Smooth muscle of the gut and is excitatory with
parasympathetics
Smooth muscle of the gut and is inhibited by
sympathetic
Where does the parasympathetic synapse
near the effector organ
Where are the gut ganglia located?
in the wall of the submucosa and the muscularis externa
Messner’s Plexus
- submucosal plexus
- clusters of ganglia in the submucosa
Auerbach’s Plexus
myenteric
- located in inner circular and outer longtudinal musle layer
- larger than Mes Plex
Esophagus is narrowest at the
TOP
Where does the esophagus join the stomach?
cardiac orifice
what prevents air form entering the esophagus?
resting muscle tone in superior 3cm
What prevent back flow of the stomach to the esophagus?
resting muscle ton at the inferior end of the esophagus
NO A SPHINCTER
What are the cells that line the esophagus?
stratified squamous epithelium
Muscle in the upper third of the esophagus
voluntary skeletal
Muscle in the middle third of the esophagus
skeletal and smooth muscel
Muscle in the lower third of the esophagus
smooth muscle only
hitatus hernia
protrusion of upper part of the stomach through the thorax through a tear or weakness in the diapharm
What are the classification of hiatus hernia
- sliding (oestosophago-gastric
- rolling(paraoesophageal)
- mixed(transitional
What is the most common hiatus hernia?
sliding
__________ esophageal hernias are rare
conegential
in bany
pryosis
“heartburn”
* due to stomach acid coming back up into distal part of esophagus
Barrett’s Esophagus
serious complicaiton of GERD
Barrett’s Esophagus can increase the risk of
developing esophageal adenocarcinoma
What are signs/ symptoms of Esophageal cancer?
Difficulty and pain with swallowing,
* Pressure or burning in the chest.
* Indigestion or heartburn.
* Vomiting.
* Frequent choking on food.
* Unexplained weight loss.
* Coughing or hoarseness.
* Pain behind the breastbone or in the throat
What is the overal 5 year survaial rate of esophageal cancer?
5 -30%
