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Histology Lecture Test 3 > Endocrine System 2: Adrenal and Pancreas > Flashcards

Endocrine System 2: Adrenal and Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

where is the thyriod gland located?

A

anterior to trachela rings 2-3

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2
Q

The right and the left lobes of the thyriod are sepreated by

A

an isthmus

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3
Q

The follicles of the thyriod are filled with

A

colloid
thyrogkobulin

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4
Q

TSH

A

thyroid stimulating
hormone

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5
Q

what produces TSH

A

anterior pituitary

thryrotrophs (basophil)

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6
Q

TSH controls

A
  • syntheiss
  • secrection

of thryroid hormones

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7
Q

syntheiss of thyroid hormones is

A

exocrine

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8
Q

secretion of thyroid hormones is

A

endocrine

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9
Q

Exocrrine Synthesis

A
  1. uptake
  2. TGB synthesized
  3. addition
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10
Q

what is taken up into the cell in the first step of exocrine( synthesis)

A

amino acids and iodide

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11
Q

What is Thyroglobulin(TGB) synthesized on

A

RER

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12
Q

How is TGB released?

A

exocytosis

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13
Q

Thyriod hormones are stored

A

extracellularly as TGB

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14
Q

Secretion

A
  1. endocytosis & digestion of colloid
  2. colloid fuses with lysosomes
  3. breakdown of TGB- release of T3 & T4 iodine
  4. T3 & T4 diffuse into cappilary
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15
Q

What cause the endocytosis of colloid?

A

due to TSH stimulus

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16
Q

Thyroid gland makes far more

A

T4

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17
Q

Which is more potent T3 or T4?

A

T3

3 to 4X more

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18
Q

What transports T3 & T4 in the cappilary

A

thyroxine-binding protein

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19
Q

what makes thyroxine-binding protein?

A

the liver

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20
Q

Functions of Thyroid Hormone

A
  • increase metabolic rate
  • increase body temp
  • increase glucose production
  • needed for normal CNS development
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21
Q

C Cells produce

A

calcitonin

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22
Q

What makes calcitonin?

A

C Cells

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23
Q

Calcitonin act to

A

decrease calcium

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24
Q

How does calcitonin decrease calium concentration?

A

inhibits bone resorption
binds to receptor on osteoclast

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25
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

high blood calicum

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26
Q

Hyperthryroidism

A

excess production of TSH

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27
Q

Hyperthryroidism symptoms

A
  • increase metabolic rate
  • weight loss
  • heat intolerance
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28
Q

Common causes of Hyperthryroidism

A
  • ingestion of T4( used for weight loss)
  • loss of feedback control
  • over stimulation of adenohypophysis
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29
Q

Graves Disease

A

autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies to the receptors for TSH

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30
Q

How do the antibodies work in Graves Disease

A

they bind tothe the receptor and chronically stimulate it

results in too much thyroid hormone

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31
Q

Symptoms of Graves disease

A
  • plus exopthlalmos
  • TSH-R in orbital fat

exop- collagen depostion posterior to the eyeball

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32
Q

Treatment for Graves Disease

A

*surgical removal
radioactive iodine

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33
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

insufficient production of thyroid hormone

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34
Q

Symptoms of Hypothyroidism

A
  • low metabolic rate
  • gain weight
  • feel cold
  • photophobia
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35
Q

Cause of Hypothyroidism

A
  • decrease iodine intake
  • loss of pituitary stimulation
  • destruction of thyriod
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36
Q

Treatment for Hypothyroidism

A

oral thyroid medicaiton

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37
Q

Endmic Goiter is caused by

A

iodine deficeincy

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38
Q

Most abundent cell

parathyroid

A

chief cells

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39
Q

Chief cells of parathyroid secrete

A

parathyroid hormone

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40
Q

What is the function of oxyphil cells?

A

unknown

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41
Q

Occur in clusters, contain large # of mitochondria, has no secretory vesicles

A

oxyphil cells

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42
Q

oxyphil cells

A
  • Occur in clusters
  • contain large # of mitochondria
  • no secretory vesicles
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43
Q

What happens to the parathyroid in older people

A

get fatty

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44
Q

What cause Chief cells to secrete parathyroid hormone?

A

low blood Ca levels

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45
Q

PTH regulates

A

Ca and phosphate balance

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46
Q

PTH on osteoblast

A

promotes osteoclast activity

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47
Q

PTH and renal tubules

A

stimulates resorption of Ca

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48
Q

PTH and GI tract

A

controls rate of Ca uptake by regulating produciton of Vitamin D(kidney)

49
Q

Vitamin D stimulates

A

cells on the intestinal mucosa to aborb Ca

50
Q

What is the carrier protein for Ca in the GI tract?

A

Calbinin

51
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A
  • deficency in secretion of PTH
  • blood Ca is low but bone Ca is not released
52
Q

Ca deficiency results in

A

spontaneous depolarization of neurons and muscle fibers

results in tetany

53
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A
  • high blood Ca
  • result in bone loss
  • cause Ca depositon oin ateries and kidneys
54
Q

Centroacinar Cells

A
  • in center of acinus
  • start of intercalated ducts
  • pale
55
Q

Islets of Langerhans is ____ part

A

endocrine

56
Q

There may more than ________ islets of langehens in the pancreas

A

1 million

57
Q

Insuloacinar portal system is found

A

in the pancreas suppling islets of langerhans

58
Q

Insuloacinar portal system allows for

A

direct action of hormones

59
Q

what are the main islet cells

A
  • alpha
  • beta
  • gamma
60
Q

Alpha cells secrete

A

glucagon

61
Q

what produces glucagon?

A

alpha cells

62
Q

Beta cells secrete

A

insulin

63
Q

what secretes insulin

A

beta cells

64
Q

Glucagon

A

increase blood glucose

65
Q

Insulin

A

decrease blood glucose

66
Q

somatostatin

A

inhibts insulin and glucagon production

67
Q

What secretes somatostatin

A

Delta cells

68
Q

What do the other cells of islet secrete

A
  • vasoactive intestinal peptide
  • pancreatic polypeptide
69
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A
  • insulin deificiency/ abnormality
  • hyperglycmia (increased blood glucose
  • glucosuria
70
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A
  • juvenille
  • decrease insulin production
71
Q

type 2 diabetes

A
  • adult onset
  • decrease in # or responsivness of receptors
72
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located

A

superior to the kidneys

73
Q

How are adrenal glands regulated

A

ACTH

74
Q

What secretes ACTH

A

anterior pituitary

corticotrophs which are a type of basophil

75
Q

In mammals we have _______ endocrin gland with

A

single; two different embryolocial origin

76
Q

Steriod hormones are structurally similar to

A

cholesterol

77
Q

What are the 3 class of adernal homones

A
  • sex hormones
  • glucocorticoids
  • minercorticoids
78
Q

minercorticoids control

A
  • electrolyte and fluid balnace
  • regulate Na and K level via Na pumps
79
Q

what helps to regulate blood pressure via the JGA?

A

minercorticoids

80
Q

glucocorticoids

A

stimulate gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

both increase blood glucose

also increase metabolism

81
Q

What helps to increase the metabolism and breakdown of proteins, carbs, and lipids

A

glucocorticoids

82
Q

Sex Hormones

A

supplement gondal production

very small amount

83
Q

What is an example of a mineralcorticoids

A

aldosterone

84
Q

what is an example of a glucocorticoid

A

cortisol

85
Q

what is an example of an sex hormoen produced by the adernal gland

A

androgen

86
Q

What is the order from outer to inner the layer of the adrenal

A
  • zona glomerulosa
  • zona fasciulata
  • zona reticularis
87
Q

zona glomerulosa is ___ of the cortex

A

15%

88
Q

zona glomerulosa secretes

A

mineralcorticoids

89
Q

zona fasciulata make up ____ of the cortex

A

80%

90
Q

zona fasciulata contians

A

spongiocytes

91
Q

zona fasciulata secrete

A
  • gluccocorticoids
  • and small amount of androgens
92
Q

What promotes secretion of cortisol?

A

stress

93
Q

Cortisol decreases

A

immune response

94
Q

zona reticularis makes up ___ of the cortex

A

5%

95
Q

zona reticularis secretes

A

small amounts of androgens and glucocorticoids

96
Q

medulla of the the andrenal gets is blood

A

directly from long cortical artery as well as sinusoids from cortex

97
Q
A
98
Q

What causes aldosterone to be produced

A

Angiotension 2

99
Q

Zona fasiculata on other tissues

A

catabolic effect

100
Q

The zona fasiculata can supress

A

the immune system

101
Q

Zone fasiculata and the liver

A

promotes uptake/use of fatty acids, amino acids, and CHO

102
Q

Addisons Disease is

A
  • hypoadrenocortisim
  • failure to of adrenal gland to produce hormones
103
Q

Crushing Disease

A
  • hyperadrenocortisim
  • excess cortisol secretion
104
Q

1’ cause of hyperadrenocorticisim

A

due to adrenal hyperplasia or functional tumor

excess cortisol secretion

105
Q

2’ cause of hypoadrenocorticisim

classical

A
  • due to increase in ACTH from anterior pituitary
106
Q

What is normaly causes addisons?

A

autoimmune

107
Q

decrease in cortisol leads to

A

decrease in blood glucose

108
Q

What is tx for addisons

A

given mineral/glucocorticoids

109
Q

Chromaffin secrete

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

110
Q

Chromaffin are modifed

A

sympatheitc postganglionic neurons

111
Q

Catecholemines are secreted in response to

A

stress

112
Q

Catecholemines

A
  • increase heart rate
  • dialte blood vessels (cardiac and skeltal) and bronchioles
  • vasoconstriction of blood suppy to GI, kidney, skin.
113
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

benign tumor of chromaffin cells

114
Q

Pheochromocytoma cause

A

increased release of epinephrine and norepinephrine

115
Q

can Pheochromocytoma kill the person

A

yes

116
Q

Pheochromocytoma are _____ familail

A

25%

117
Q

Hatfield-McCoy Feud may be due to

A

rare inhertied disease von Hippel-Landau

118
Q

von Hippel-Landau can lead to

A

rage and violent outbursts

Histology Lecture Test 3 (10 decks)

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