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Histology Lecture Test 3 > Liver and Pancreas > Flashcards

Liver and Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

what are the major fuctions of the liver?

A
  • Detoxification of metabolic waste
  • Metabolism & detoxification of drugs & toxins
  • Destruction of senescent RBC’s
  • Recycling of Hb via synthesis & secretion of bile
  • Synthesis of plasma proteins
  • Miscellaneous metabolic functions
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2
Q

The liver demaiton of

A

Amino Acids to urea

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3
Q

Products of digestion enter the liver via

A

hepatic portal vein

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4
Q

the hepatic portal vein caries

A
  • 75-80% of blood to the liver
  • oxic compounds absorbed from diet
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5
Q

Oxygentated blood supplied to the live by

A

Hepatic Artery

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6
Q

The hepatic artery is a branch of the

A

celiac trunk

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7
Q

The hepatic artery carries only

A

20%-25 blood of the liver

mixes with unoxygenated from potal vein

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8
Q

Liver is a nutrient rich, but is

A

O2 poor environment

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9
Q

What is the order of venous drainage?

out of the liver

A

central vein –> hepatic vein
–> IVC

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10
Q

What is the main funcitonal cell of the liver

A

Hepatocytes

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11
Q

Hepatocytes are arranged in

A

plates or cords
around sinusoids

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12
Q

In the liver Endothelial cells line the

A

sinusoids

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13
Q

What ar the liver specific macrophages?

A

Kupffer cells

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14
Q

What cells store vitamin A & D in the liver

A

Stellate cells (Ito cells)

major for A

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15
Q

What are liver cells called

A

hepatocytes

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16
Q

hepatocytes shape

A
  • polyhedral
  • round nucleus
    displaced chromatin
  • prominent nucleolus
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17
Q

Most hepatocytes _______,
but some are _____

A

diploid; polyploid &/or
binucleate

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18
Q

What are within the cytoplasmic granules of hepatocytes

A

rER
& lysosomal products

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19
Q

What do Aging hepatocytes
accumulate?

A

brown
pigment, lipofuscin

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20
Q

individual hepatocytes polygonal, arranged in
anastomosing cords paralleled by

A

Venous Sinusoids

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21
Q

Sinusoids lined by

A

sinusoidal
lining cells

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22
Q

sinusoidal lining cells

A

a discontinuous
endothelium, with gaps
between endothelial cells

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23
Q

What supports the hepatic cords and sinusoids?

A

meshwork of
reticulin fibers (Type III
collagen)

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24
Q

The reticulin fibers that support the Hepatic cords & sinusoids are what type of collagen?

A

type 3

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25
Q

What blackens the cytoplasm of kupffer cells?

A

carbon particles

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26
Q

Kupffer cells can be recognized by

A

their oval
nuclei closely associated
with sinusoidal spaces.

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27
Q

What can be used to stain Kupffer cells

A

trypan blue

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28
Q

Kupffer cells removve

A
  • foreign particles

they also work with the spleen to destroy old RBCs

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29
Q

What are other names for the Stellate cells

A
  • Ito cell
  • perisinusoidal cell
  • lipocyte
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30
Q

If the liver is injuried what happens

A
  • stellate cells become transitional
  • become capable of collagen synthesising
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31
Q

What types of collagen can Stellate cells synthesize?

A

1

aslo 3 and 4 and laminin

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32
Q

Do blood and bile travel in the same direction?

A

NO

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33
Q

Hepatic SInusoids

A
  • Thin
  • discontinuous
  • highly fenestrated
  • endothelium
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34
Q

Do the hepatic sinusoids rest on a basement membrane?

A

NO

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35
Q

What seperates the hepatic sinusoids from the hepatocytes?

A

space of Disse or perisinusoidal space

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36
Q

Space of Disse

perisinusoidal space

A
  • found in the liver
  • between hepatocytes and sinsuoid
  • contain blood plasma
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37
Q

What portion of the hepatocyte extends into the Space of Disse

A

microvilli

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38
Q

Microvilli of hepatocytes

A

allowing proteins and other plasma components from the sinusoids to be absorbed by the hepatocytes.

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39
Q

What is a low resistance vascular channel

A

hepatic sinusoids

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40
Q

what makes bile?

A

hepatocytes

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41
Q

where do hepatocytes secrete bile into?

A

bile canaliculi between cells

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42
Q

Blood flow in the liver

A

Hepatic vien/artery-(in triad)>
hepatic sinusoids->
central vein (then out of liver)

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43
Q

bile flow in liver

A

hepatocypes make->
bile canal->
bile duct

opposite if blood

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44
Q

Cords of hepatocytes are arranged in

A

lobules

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45
Q

Classic Lobule

A

* based on blood flow
* roughly hexagonal
* central vein in middle of lobule

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46
Q

what is at the center of the classic lobule?

A

centrilobular vein

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47
Q

What is the outer margin of each lobule?

A

connective
tissue septum

48
Q

The central vein in middle of lobule can also be refered to as

A
  • centrilobular vein
  • terminal hepatic venule
49
Q

Where do you find portal tracks?

triads

A

each coner of the classic lobule

50
Q

The portal tract/triad contain

A

hepatic artery, portal
Vein & bile duct

lymphatics too?

51
Q

Blood enters from portal tracts,
percolates through sinusoids of lobule,
drains via

A

central vein

52
Q

Portal Lobule is

A
  • triangular area
    * based on bile flow
53
Q

In a portal lobule has a portal triad ______ and central vein ___________

A

center; at corners

54
Q

liver Acinus

A
  • diamond–shaped
  • between neighboring central vein
55
Q

What are the zones of the Acinus

A

zones 1, 2 , and 3

56
Q

The acinus Combines aspects of

A
  • blood flow
  • oxygenation
  • metabolism
  • pathology
57
Q

What is the name of zone 1 of Heptaic Acini

A

perilobular zone = periportal

58
Q

Zone 1 of Hepatic Acini

A

closest to portal tract,

59
Q

Which zone of Hepatic Acini receives the most oxygenated blood?

A

Zone 1

perilobular zone = periportal

60
Q

What zone of Hepatic Acini is most susecptible to toxic injury?

A

Zone 1

61
Q

What it the name of zone 2 of Hepatic Acini

A

intermediate zone

62
Q

What it the name of zone 3 of Hepatic Acini

A

centrolobular zone

63
Q

Which Heptaic acini zone is furthest from the portal track

A

Zone 3

centrolobular zone

64
Q

Which Heptaic acini zone is closest to the cental vein?

A

Zone 3

centrolobular zone

65
Q

Which zone of Hepatic Acini recieves the least oxygentated blood?

A

zone 3

centrolobular zone

66
Q

Which zone of hepatic acini is most susceptible to ichemic injury?

A

Zone 3

centrolobular zone

67
Q

What helps the liver fucntion in detoxification/metabolism of various drugs and toxins

A
  • microsomal mixed function
    oxidase system of sER
  • peroxidases of peroxisomes (P450 system)
68
Q

P450 system is related to

A

peroxidases of
peroxisomes

69
Q

Cirrhosis

A

A common sequela to repeated insults or chronic disease

70
Q

Cirrhosis is Characterized by hepatic degeneration and

A

necrosis

71
Q

What follow necrosis in liver cirrhosis

A

fibrosis & nodular regeneration

72
Q

Portal hypertension is associated with

A

cirrhosis

73
Q

Portal hypertension is due to

A

fibrosis,
blockage of blood flow

74
Q

Liver has ability to

A

regenerate

75
Q

Gallbladder is a muscular sac located

A

depression
along surface of liver

76
Q

Gallbladder is used to store & concentrate

A

bile;
volume ~100 m

77
Q

The gallbladder is lined by

A

simple columnar epithelium
with apical microvilli

78
Q

The microvilli lining the gallbladder are used for

A

resorption of water

79
Q

Gallbladder lacks a

A

muscularis mucosae

80
Q

Lamina propria of the gallbladder is highly folded with occasional

A

tubuloalveolar mucus
glands

81
Q

What does CCK (cholecystokinin) stimulate?

A

contraction of gallbladder

82
Q

What are the conponents of bile?

A
  • water
  • ions
  • electrolytes
  • cholesterol
  • phospholipids( lecithin)
  • bile acids/salts/pigments
83
Q

What is the best known bile pigment?

A

Bilirubin

84
Q

Bilirubin

A

non-sol breakdown product of Hb

85
Q

What happens if you are unable to o absorb bilirubin or failure to
conjugate it & secrete it?

A

accumulation of bile
pigments = jaundice

86
Q

Supersaturation of bile can lead to

A

gallstones
(biliary calculi, cholelithiasis)

87
Q

What are the primary kind of gallstones?

A

cholesterol & calcium salt

88
Q

choledocolithiasis

A

Obstruction of bile duct

89
Q

cholecystitis

A

Chronic inflammation of the gallbladder

90
Q

cholecystectomy

A

removal of gallbladder

91
Q

If someone gets their gallbladder removed they should

A

limit the amount of fats they eat

due to being unable to concentrate bile

92
Q

Pancreas has both

A

exocrine & endocrine
components

93
Q

Where do you find the ductless endocrine
pancreatic tissue?

A

islets of Langerhan

94
Q

Most of the pancreas is

A

exocrine (has ducts)

95
Q

In the pancreas acinar cells contian

A

zymogen granules

96
Q

zymogen granules

A

inactive enzyme
precursor

97
Q

zymogen granules is a precursor to

A
  • trypsinogen (protrypsin)
  • chymotrypsinogen (prochymotrypsin)
  • amylase
  • lipase
98
Q

Trypsin & chymotrypsin are

A

proteases

99
Q

amylase breaks down

A

carbohydrates

100
Q

lipases digest

A

lipids

101
Q

intercalated ducts of the pancreas add

A

bicarbonate & water to pancreatic sections

102
Q

intercalated ducts of the pancreas neutralize

A

acidic chyme from stomach (optimal pH for pancreatic enzymes)

103
Q

Duct cells that form beginning of intercalated ductsometimes visible
in center of acini are called

A

centro-acinar cells

104
Q

What do Intercalated ducts empty into?

A

larger intralobular ducts

105
Q

intralobular ducts exit into

A

interlobular (=extralobular)
ducts

106
Q

Where do pancreatic secretions enter the GI tract?

A

duodenum via pancreatic
duct at major duodenal
papilla

107
Q

What cells secrete Gastrin?

A

G cells

by stomach

108
Q

Gastrin stimulates

A

secretion of pancreatic fluid

109
Q

What 3 things does teh duodenum APUD cells secrete?

A
  • secretin
  • CCK
  • enterokinase
110
Q

What secretes CCK?

A

I cells

111
Q

CCK stimulates

pancreatic regulation

A

acinar
cells to secrete zymogens

112
Q

Enterokinase converts _________ to __________

A

trypsinogen; trypisin

within small intestine

113
Q

what
converts chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin

A

trypsin

114
Q

chymotrypsin digests

A

proteins

115
Q

Pancreatitis

A

autodigestion
of pancreas brought on by
alcoholism

116
Q

Severe, acute pancreatitis
can be fatal within

A

hours

117
Q

What prevents the pnacreas from digesting itself?

A

enterokinase converts trypsinogen to trypsin, which converts chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin

Cascade rxn

Histology Lecture Test 3 (10 decks)

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