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Histology Lecture Test 3 > Small and Large Intestine > Flashcards

Small and Large Intestine Flashcards

1
Q

How long is the small intestine in humans?

A

4-6 meters

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2
Q

What is the primary site of absorption and the compeltion of digestion?

A

small intestine

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3
Q

Plicae circulares

valves of kerkring

A

valve-like fold/rings in the small intestine

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4
Q

Plicae circulares increase

A

the surface area

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5
Q

Plicae circulares contain

A

submucosal core

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6
Q

the mucosal surface of the small intestine is made up of

A

villi

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7
Q

Villi contain

A

a core of lamina propria

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8
Q

How long are vili?

A

1mm

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9
Q

What is the area between vili called

A

crypts of
Lieberkuhn

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10
Q

Intestinal villi lined by

A

simple
columnar epithelium

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11
Q

Celiac disease

A

gluten
enteropathy or allergy
to the wheat protein
gluten)

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12
Q

Celiac disease causes

A

villus
blunting, atrophy and
loss

leads to malabsorption & weight loss

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13
Q

What is the presence of lymphocytes
epithelial cells

A

Intraepithelial
lymphocytes

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14
Q

What are the three functional zones in the epithelium of the small intestine?

A
  1. Villi
  2. Crypts
    3.Neck – where the villi and crypts meet
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15
Q

All Cells of the small instestine epithelium

A
  1. Enterocytes
  2. Mucous cells
  3. Paneth cells
  4. Endocrine cells
  5. Stem cells
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16
Q

Mucosal cells of the small
intestine called

A

enterocytes

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17
Q

enterocytes cover

A

surface of the villi

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18
Q

enterocytes are

A

Tall columnar cells with
round/oval nuclei

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19
Q

enterocytes apical surface

A

highly
folded, modified into 2-3000
microvilli

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20
Q

microvilli =

A

striated or brush
border

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21
Q

the surface of microvilli are coated with

A

protective
glycocalyx containing enzymes

important for digestion

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22
Q

Enterocytes are separated from luminal surface by

A

desmosomes and tight junction

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23
Q

Enterocytes Lateral walls have

A

complex interdigitations

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24
Q

Muscous cells of the SI are Interspersed among enterocytes
and are

A

mucus secreting goblet cells

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25
Q

Mucous cells of the SI are usually found

A

in upper 2/3 of crypts

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26
Q

Mucous cells synthesize

A

mucinogen = mucus

stored in membrane-bound
granule

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27
Q

Mucinogen

A

lubricates & protects
epithelium

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28
Q

Where are mucous cells least frequently found

A

doudenum

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29
Q

where are mucous cells most frequently found

A

ileum

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30
Q

Number of mucous cell increases from _______ to ______

A

doudeum, ileum

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31
Q

Where are paneth cells found

A

base of the crypts

small intestine

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32
Q

paneth cell contain

A

large eosinophilic
granules

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33
Q

paneth cells produce

A
  • defensins (antibacterial proteins)
  • lysozyme
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34
Q

Where do you find enteroendocrine cell in the small intestine?

A

scattered throughout but mainly in the lower third of the cryp

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35
Q

enteroendocrine cells are

SI

A

Pale-staining cytoplasm, broad
base & narrow at lumen

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36
Q

enteroendocrine cells examples

A
  • s cell
  • i cell
  • a cell
  • k cell
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37
Q

S cell secrete

A

secretin

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38
Q

secretin

A

stimulate release of
bicarbonate from pancreas

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39
Q

i cells secrete

A

cholecystekinin or CCK

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40
Q

cholecystekinin

CCK

A

stimulates pancreatic seecretion & contraction of
gallbladder

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41
Q

A cell secrete

A

glucagon

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42
Q

glucagon

A

increases blood sugar

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43
Q

k cells secrete

A

GIP

gastric inhibitory peptide

44
Q

What cell secretes secretin?

45
Q

WHat cell secretes cholecystekinin?

46
Q

What cell secretes glucagon?

47
Q

WHat cell secretes GIP?

48
Q

Stem cells in the small intestine are located

A

at the base of the crypts

49
Q

The small intestine epithelial lining is replaced

A

every 3 to 5 days

50
Q

Stem cells migrate

A

up villus, mature, & are shed

51
Q

Where can the lamina propria of the small intestine most clearlt be seen?

A

in core of villi but also surrounds and supports the glands’ crypts

52
Q

lamina propria of the small intestine consists of

A

Collagen, reticular fibers, fibroblasts & GAGs

53
Q

Lacteals

A

the lymphatic vessels of the small intestine which absorb digested fats.

54
Q

Where is MALT located in the small intestine?

A

in lamina propria &
submucosa

55
Q

The MALT of the small intestine have los of

A
  • lymphocytes
  • plasma cells
  • eosinophils
  • macrophages
  • mast cells
56
Q

MALT secretes

A

IgA

by plasma cells within

57
Q

MALT epithelium contains enlarged

58
Q

M Cells

microfold

A

squamoid enterocytes modified for Ag
sampling and uptake of macromolecule

59
Q

Peyer’s patch

A

dome-shaped areas grossly visible
on surface of mucosa, project into
lumen

found mainly in small intestine

60
Q

Where do you find Brunner’s Glands?

A

submucosa Duodenum

61
Q

Brunner’s gland secrete

A
  • mucus
  • zymogen ( unique
    to duodenum)
62
Q

What is the main function of the duodenum?

A

neutralize gastric acid & pepsin

63
Q

the duodenum is assisted by

A

pancreas & gallbladder

64
Q

Mucus secreted by Brunner’s gland is

A

alkaline
(8.0-9.5)

65
Q

Why is the mucus secreted by Brunner’s gland alkaline

A
  • may protect against acidic stomach contents
  • brings closer to the pH at which pancreatic enzymes are most effective
66
Q

Function of the large intestine

A

modifies fluid content of
feces

67
Q

Cells of the large intestine

A
  1. Columnar cells
  2. Mucous cells
  3. Endocrine cells
  4. Stem cells
68
Q

Jejunum

A
  • no brunner’s
  • no peyers’ patches
  • plicae ciculares more extensive
69
Q

What is including in the large intestine?

A
  • cecum
  • appendix
  • ascending
  • transverse
  • descending
  • sigmoid
  • rectum
70
Q

The large intestine lack

A
  • villi
  • plicae circulares
  • brunner’s
  • peyer’s
  • lacteals
71
Q

Colon Primary function

A
  • H2O & electrolyte resorption
  • produces mucus for elimination of undigested food & waste
72
Q

In the colon there is a large number of

A

goblet cells in the epitthelium

73
Q

In adult colon what is generally abesent

A

paneth cells

found in kids

74
Q

Columnar cells of the large intestine absorb

A

soluble salt and water

75
Q

MALT in the large intestine ______ form domed peyer’s patches

76
Q

In the large intestine how often does the epithelial cell get replaced

A

every 5 days

77
Q

Commensal Bacteria

coliforms

A

found in large numbers in the large intestine

78
Q

In the large intestine the Outer longitudinal M layer in muscularis externa is

A

reduced or incomplete

79
Q

The reduced M layer of the large intestine froms

A

3 longitudinal
strips

taenia coli

80
Q

taenia coli

A

three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle on the colon surface

81
Q

taenia coli are responsible for

A

formation of haustra

82
Q

Appendnix

A
  • small, blind-ended sac
  • 2-13cm in length
83
Q

Where is the appendix located

A

distal
to ileo-cecal junction

84
Q

Vestigial cecum

A

used for
bacterial digestion in
herbivores

85
Q

The appendix contains

A

large amounts of
submucosal MALT

active in chlidren

86
Q

The appendix is most active in

87
Q

Appednicitis

A

inflamed appendix

88
Q

Removal of the appendix

A

appendectomy

89
Q

Polys of the GI

adenoma

A

Any mass arising from the wall of the colon that protrudes into the lumen

90
Q

Polyps are Generall

A
  • asymptomatic
  • most common sign is rectal bleeding
91
Q

what is the treatment for polyps in the GI

92
Q

Colon cancer

A

adenocarcinoma

93
Q

what decreases Colon Cancer

A

increase in roughage and fiber and diet

decreases the transit time and increase gut mobilit

94
Q

What is treatment for color cancer?

A

Surgical removal; if extensive, may require resection of portion of colon

95
Q

Rectum

A

Short, dilated, terminal portion of large intestine

96
Q

Rectum Contains

A
  • transverse rectal folds
  • large # of mucus glands
97
Q

What does the mucosa transtion to in the anal canal

A

from
simple columnar epithelium
to
stratified squamous epithelium

98
Q

The longitudinal fold of the anal canal are called

A

anal columns

99
Q

In the anal canal anal glands extend

A

into submucosa & muscularis
externa

100
Q

Anal gland can be

A

branched, straight, tubular glands

secrete mucus

101
Q

The external sphincter is

A
  • voluntary
  • skeletal muscle
102
Q

the internal sphincter is

A
  • involuntary
  • smooth muscle
103
Q

What can lead to hemorrhoids

A

enlargement & irritation of submucosal vein in anal canal

104
Q

Anus

A

external opening; exit of GI tract

105
Q

Internal hemorrhoids

A
  • pain follow autonomics
  • difuse
106
Q

External Hemorrhoids

A
  • somatic pain
  • sharp and localized

Histology Lecture Test 3 (10 decks)

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