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Histology Lecture Test 3 > Endocrine System 1: Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, & Parathyroid > Flashcards

Endocrine System 1: Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, & Parathyroid Flashcards

1
Q

How does the endocrine system communicate?

A
  • chemical messengers (hormone)
  • carried by bloodstream
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2
Q

Endocrine organs are composed of

A

secretory cells of epithelial origin

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3
Q

Endocrine lack

A

DUCTS

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4
Q

Endocrine vs nervous control

A

endocrine is slower onset & longer duration

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5
Q

Hypothalamus

A

coordinates endocrine functions of body

acts as intermediary between autonomic nervous system & endocrine system

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6
Q

Most endocrine glands form

A

discreet organs

Anterior pituitary, pineal, thyroid and suprarenal (adrenal)

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7
Q

In the pancreaus

A

endocrine & exocrine tissue intermixe

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8
Q

Pituitary (hypophysis) is suspended by

A

a stalk from hypothalamus

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9
Q

The pituitary rest in the

A

sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

posterior to he optic chiasm (CN II)

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10
Q

WHat are the two major divisons of the Pituitary?

A
  • Adenohypophysis (Anterior pituitary)
  • Neurohypophysis (Posterior pituitary)
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11
Q

Secretion of pituitary hormones is conrolled by

A

hypothlamus

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12
Q

hypophyseal portal system allows

A

communication with hypothalamus

pititary

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13
Q

How does the Hypothalamus controls secretion of
anterior pituitary

A

hypothalamic regulating factors (hormone

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14
Q

Releasing factors stimulate

A

secretion

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15
Q

inhibitory factors inhibit

A

secretion

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16
Q

Direct acting hormones have

A

non-endocrine target organ

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17
Q

What are examples of direct acting hormones?

A

GH, ADH, MSH, oxytocin, prolactin

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18
Q

Trophic hormones

A

target organ is another endocrine gland

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19
Q

What are examples of trophic hormones?

A

TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH

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20
Q

What are pituitary-dependent endocrine glands?

A

Thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, & gonads

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21
Q

Anterior portion of the pituitary contains

A

glandular epithelial tissue

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22
Q

posterior of the pituitary contains

A

neural secretory tissue

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23
Q

Anterior pituitary =

A
  • “Master gland”
  • adenohypophysis
  • pars anterior
  • pars distalis
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24
Q

Rathke’s pouch is

A

Specialized glandular tissue, arises from evagination of tissue from oral cavity in region of pharynx

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25
Q

What are the 3 regions of Rathke’s Pouch

A
  • pars distalis
  • pars intermedia
  • pars tuberalis
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26
Q

pars distallis

A

bulk of anterior pituitary

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27
Q

What part of the pituitary is the Rathke’s Pouch?

A

anterior pituitary

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28
Q

pars intermedia

A
  • thin layer between anterior & posterior pituitary
  • Secretes MSH & ACTH
  • Frequently contains cystic remnants of Rathke’s pouch
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29
Q

What secretes MSH and ACTH?

A

pars intermedia

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30
Q

pars tuberalis

A
  • extension of anterior pituitary
  • forms collar ~pituitary stalk (=infundibulum)
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31
Q

Pars distalis secretes

A

bulk of pituitary hormones, including both direct acting & trophic
hormones

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32
Q

What direct acting hormones does the pars distalis secrete

A

GH and prolactin

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33
Q

What trophic acting hormones does the pars distalis secrete

A

TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH

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34
Q

Secretory cells of anterior that stian

A

chromophils

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35
Q

Secretory cells of anterior that do not stain

A

chromophobes

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36
Q

what are the two types of chromophils

A
  • Acidophils
  • Basophils
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37
Q

chromophils -Acidophils

A
  • stain with acidic dye
  • pink on H&E
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38
Q

chromophils- Basophils

A
  • stain with basic dye
  • pale blue to light purple on H&E
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39
Q

Chromophobes are

A
  • small cells
  • don’t take up either dye
  • clear on H&E
  • represent inactive cells
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40
Q

What are the types of Acidophils?

A

*Somatotrophs
* Mammotrophs

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41
Q

Somatotrophs

A

secrete Growth Hormone (somatotropin)

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42
Q

What secrete growth hormones

A

Somatotrophs

is an Acidophils which is a subtype of chromophils

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43
Q

Somatotrophs make up

A

50% of cells

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44
Q

Mammotrophs secrete

A

prolactin

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45
Q

What secretes prolactin?

A

Mammotrophs

is an Acidophils which is a subtype of chromophils

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46
Q

Mammotrophs make up

A

20% of cells

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47
Q

Somatostatin inhibits

A

somatotropin

growth hormone hormone

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48
Q

ghrelin

A
  • stomach enteroendocrine cells
  • coordinates food intake with GH secretion
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49
Q

What inhibits the release of prolactin?

inhibits Mammotroph

50
Q

Prolactin stimulates

A

initiation & maintenance of milk
production postpartum

51
Q

What are the 3 types of Basophils?

chromophils subype

A
  • Thyrotrophs
  • Gonadotrophs
  • Corticotrophs
52
Q

Thyrotrophs make up

A

5 % of cells

53
Q

Thyrotrophs secrete

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

thyrotropin

54
Q

What secretes Thyroid Stimulating Hormone?

A

Thyrotrophs

is an Basophils which is a subtype of chromophils

55
Q

Gonadotrophs make up

A

5% of cells

56
Q

Gonadotrophs secrete

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
& Lutenizing Hormone (LH)

57
Q

what secretes Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
& Lutenizing Hormone (LH)?

A

Gonadotrophs

is an Basophils which is a subtype of chromophils

58
Q

Corticotrophs make up

A

20% of cells

59
Q

Corticotrophs secretes

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), endorphins

60
Q

What secretes Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), and endorphins?

A

Corticotrophs

is an Basophils which is a subtype of chromophils

61
Q

What is the order from most to least abunded the cell subtypes of chromophils?

A
  • Somatotrophs
  • Corticotrophs
  • Mammotrophs
  • Gonadotrophs &Thyrotrophs

Sally Can My Girl Twerk

62
Q

Pituitary gigantism

A

excessive production of growth hormone
beginning in childhood

63
Q

What is usually the cause of death of those with Pituitary gigantism?

A

heart disease or diabetes

64
Q

Pituitary gigantism is due to

A

loss of feedback control of growth hormone secretion or
to GH-secreting tumor in pituitary

65
Q

Acromegaly

A

excessive adult production of growth
hormone

66
Q

Acromegaly features

A
  • Growth of face (prognathism), hands &
    feet
67
Q

What are treatments for Acromegaly?

A
  • surgery, radiation
  • growth hormone receptor antagonis
68
Q

Acromegaly is due to

A

loss of feedback control of growth
hormone secretion or to GH-secreting tumor in pituitary

69
Q

Pituitary Dwarfism

A

Growth retardation resulting in
abnormally short adult stature

70
Q

Pituitary Dwarfism is caused by

A

insufficient growth hormone

71
Q

What are tx for Pituitary Dwarfism?

A

injections of growth hormone

72
Q

Secretion of Prolactin is mediated primarily by

A

inhibition control mediated by dopamine

73
Q

Scretion of Prolactin is stimulated by

A

PRH but suckling during lactation
is the primary stimulus.

74
Q

WHat can act as a birth control?

75
Q

How does prolactin act as a birth control?

A
  • inhibits the pulsatile secretion of GnRH
  • which suppresses secretion of FSH & LH
76
Q

Pituitary macroadenoma

A
  • > 10 mm
  • tumor in pituitary
77
Q

Pituitary macroadenoma can impinge

A

optic chiasm
* producing visual field defects
* (classically: bitemporal hemianopsia

78
Q

ACTH stimulates

adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

hormone release by the
adrenal (suprarenal) cortex

79
Q

LPH stimulates

A
  • lipid mobilization in some mammals
  • precise role in humans in unknown
80
Q

FSH stimulates

follicle-stimulating hormone

A

ovarian follicle development/estrogen secretion or
production of androgen binding protein by Sertoli cells.

81
Q

LH helps control

luteinizing hormone

A
  • menstrual cycle
  • also triggers the release of an egg
82
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone Stimulates

A

thyroid gland to synthesize, store &
release thyroid hormones

83
Q

TSH is regulated by

inhibiting

A

negative feedback loop

CNS

84
Q

What are Chromophobes

A
  • undifferentiated (stem) cells
  • folliculostellate cells
86
Q

Pars Intermedia Synthesize

A

proopiomelanocortin

stimulate melanin production

87
Q

melanin spread through the
branches of specialized melanocytes calle

A

melanophores

88
Q

Posterior pituitary is a Downgrowth of

A

neural ectoderm of hypothalamus

89
Q

Infundibulum

A
  • talk/stem carries axons from hypothalamus
  • ontains portal veins & primary capillary plexus
90
Q

Pars nervosa

A

axon terminals

91
Q

ADH (Vasopressin)—controls

A

blood pressure by altering
permeability of renal collecting tubules/ducts

92
Q

↓ production of ADH

A

↑ urine production (as in diabetes insipidus)

93
Q

ADH is synthesized by neuron cell bodies in

A

supraoptic nucleus of
hypothalamus

94
Q

Oxytocin promotes

A

smooth Mm contraction in uterus &
breast

especially during labor & lactation)

95
Q

oxytocin is Synthesized by neuron cell bodies in

A

paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus

96
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitarty release?

A
  • ADH
  • Oxytocin
97
Q

Herring bodies

A
  • Endings form large, fusiform swellings
    *filled with secretory product
98
Q

Pars nervosa is Surrounded by
specialized glial-like cells called

A

pituicytes

99
Q

pituicytes

A
  • specialized glial-like cells
  • surround pars nervosa
100
Q

Pineal Gland is also know as

A
  • epiphysis cerebri
  • pineal body
101
Q

Where is the Pineal Gland found?

A
  • posterior extremity of the third ventricle
  • attached by the pineal stalk to the diencephalon
102
Q

The pineal Gland communicates with the

A

hypothalamus

103
Q

in lower vertebrates the pineal gland acts as

A

a photoreceptor

104
Q

the pineal gland secretes

105
Q

what gland secretes melatonin

A

pineal gland

106
Q

Melatonin stimulates

A

melanophores and chromatophores

107
Q

when stimulated melanophores and chromatophores

A

change in color intensity
with reproductive cycle & serotonin

108
Q

In mammals, melatonin

A

has anti-gonadal effect, ↓ sex activity

109
Q

Melatonin

decreases

A

↓ GNRH from hypothalamus =>
↓ sex hormone secretion from gonads

110
Q

What is the most commom cell type in the pineal gland?

A

Pinealocytes (95%)

111
Q

Pinealocytes are arranged in

A

clumps and cords
within the lobules

112
Q

Neuroglial cells

A

support cells such as
astrocytes, microglial cells

113
Q

Corpora Arenacea

Brain Sand

A

Calcified accretions of Ca & Mg
phosphate

114
Q

Corpora Arenacea are found in

A

aging individuals

115
Q

corpora arenacea are calcified accretions of

A

Ca and Mg phosphate

116
Q

Melatonin synthesis and secretion is affected by

A

light exposure to the eyes

117
Q

Melatonin helps establish

A

body’s circadian rhythm

118
Q

Seasonal Affective Disorder sufferers

SAD

A

experience depressive
symptoms in the winte

119
Q

Where is SAD rare

A

in the tropics

120
Q

What are the typical symptoms of SAD?

A
  • increased need for sleep
  • a craving for sweets
  • weight gain
121
Q

SAD is a subtype of

A

major depressive episod

Histology Lecture Test 3 (10 decks)

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