Upper Extremity Musculature Flashcards by Stephanie Muenzen

Appendicular muscles are responsible for what?

Stabilizing the pectoral and pelvic girdles
Moving the upper and lower limbs
Absorbing shocks and jolts as you walk, run, or jump
Aiding in strengthening the joint area

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What is the general principle to keep in mind about joints?

An increase in mobility leads to a decrease in stability. Vice versa

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Muscles that position the pectoral girdle: Where do they originate and where do they insert?

Originate on the axial skeleton, insert on the clavicle and humerus.

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Muscles that move the arm: Where do they originate and where do they insert?

Originate on the pectoral girdle, insert on the humerus.

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Muscles that move the forearm and hand: Where do they originate and where do they insert?

Originate on the pectoral girdle and humerus, insert on the radius, ulna, and/or carpals.

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Extrinsic muscles of the hand and fingers: Where do they originate and where do they insert?

Originate on the humerus, radius and ulna and insert on the metacarpals and phalanges.

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Intrinsic muscles of the hand: Where do they originate and where do they insert?

Originate primarily on the carpal and metacarpal bones, insert on the phalanges.

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What actions are associated with the positioning of the pectoral girdle?

Elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, superior/upward rotation, inferior/downward rotation

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What actions are associated with moving the arm at the shoulder?

Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, internal/medial rotation, external/lateral rotation

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What actions are associated with moving the forearm at the elbow?

Flexion, extension

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What actions are associated with moving the hand at the wrist?

Flexion, extension, abduction (radial deviation), adduction (ulnar deviation)

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What actions are associated with the movements of the individual fingers?

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, opposition (thumb & pinky)

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What joints do supination and pronation actions occur at?

Radioulnar joints. There are 2 radioulnar joints- a proximal and distal one. The proximal radioulnar joint is located near the elbow and the distal radioulnar joint is located near the wrist.

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What are action lines or directions of pull?

Consider the directions a muscle’s fibers cross a joint, and think about the joint structure itself

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What are spurt and shunt muscles?

Spurt muscles are muscles that insert close to the joint- they do torque and movement.
Shunt muscles are muscles that insert far from the joint- they do movement and stabilization.

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What are agonists?

Prime movers, perform an action (biceps brachii flexes the elbow)

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What are antagonists?

Perform an opposing action (triceps brachii extends the elbow)
When an agonist is active, the antagonist relaxes.

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What are synergists?

Muscles that assist the agonist/prime mover (brachioradialis assists with elbow flexion)

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What are stabilizers?

Stabilize a joint or area for optimum movement of the agonist muscles (rotator cuff muscles of the shoulder)

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Muscles associated with the pectoral girdle and upper limbs can be divided into four groups. What are these groups?

Muscles that position the pectoral girdle
Muscles that move the arm
Muscles that move the forearm and hand
Muscles that move the hand and fingers

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What are the muscles that position the pectoral girdle?

Trapezius
Rhomboid
Levator Scapulae
Pectoralis Minor
Serratus Anterior
Subclavius

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Function of Trapezius

Elevate/retract/depress/upward rotation of the scapula

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Function of Rhomboid

Retraction/downward rotation

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Function of Levator Scapulae

Elevation/downward rotation of scapula

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Function of Pectoralis minor

Depression of scapula

Function of Serratus anterior

Protraction/upward rotation of scapula

Function of Subclavius

Clavicular stabilization

What are the muscles that move the arm at the shoulder joint?

Deltoid Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Subscapularis Teres major Teres minor Coracobrachialis Pectoralis major Latissimus Dorsi Rotator Cuff: Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, Subscapularis

Function of Deltoid

Flexion/abduction/extension of arm

Function of Supraspinatus

Initiates abduction of arm; rotator cuff

Function of Infraspinatus

Lateral rotation of arm; rotator cuff

Function of Subscapularis

Medial rotation of arm; rotator cuff

Function of Teres major

Extension/adduction; medial rotation of arm

Function of Teres minor

Lateral rotation of arm; rotator cuff

Function of Coracobrachialis

Flexion/adduction of arm

Function of Pectoralis major

Adduction/horizontal adduction/flexion/medial rotation of arm

Function of Latissimus dorsi

Extension/adduction/medial rotation of arm

What are the rotator cuff muscles?

Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Scubscapularis

What is the net movement that occurs when all the heads of the deltoid muscle contract together as a unit?

Abduction of the arm at the shoulder

Under the general organization of arm and forearm compartments, the anterior arm and forearm are referred to as _______ and the posterior forearm are referred to as _________

Flexors; extensors

What are the muscles that move the forearm at the elbow joint?

Triceps brachii Anconeus Biceps brachii Brachialis Bracioradialis Pronator teres Supinator

Function of Triceps brachii

Extension of forearm

Function of Anconeus

Weak extension of forearm

Function of Biceps brachii

Flexion of forearm; supination of forearm

Function of Brachialis

Flexion of forearm

Function of Brachioradialis

Flexion of forearm

Function of Pronator teres (movement at radioulnar joint)

Pronation of forearm

Function of Supinator (movement at radioulnar joint)

Supination of forearm

Flexor

The muscle will perform flexion of some kind (of the hand, of the thumb, or of digits 2-5)

Extensor

The muscle will perform extension of some kind (of the hand, of the thumb, or of digits 2-5)

Carpi

This term refers to the wrist, applies to forearm muscles whose primary action is to move the hand at the wrist in some way

Pollicis

This term designates the thumb; muscles with this word in the name act exclusively on the thumb in some way

Radialis

Muscles with this term in the name have tendons approaching trhe thumb side of the wrist; a common actiuon would be wrist abduction

Ulnaris

Muscles with this term in the name have tendons approaching the pinky side of the wrist; a common action among them would be wrist adduction

What are the muscles that move the hand at the wrist joint?

Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis Pronator quadratus

Function of flexor carpi ulnaris

Flexion/adduction of the hand

Function of flexor carpi radialis

Flexion/abduction of the hand

Function of palmaris longus

Weak flexion of hand; tenses the palmar aponeurosis

Function of extensor carpi ulnaris

Extend/adduct the hand

Function of extensor carpi radialis (longus and brevis)

Extend/abduct the hand

Function of pronator quadratus

Pronation of forearm

Supination and pronation occur at which joint?

Distal radioulnar joint

What are the extrinsic muscles of the hand (found mostly in the forearm)?

Abductor pollicis longus Extensor digitorum Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor pollicis longus Extensor indicis Extensor digiti minimi Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor digitorum profundus Flexor pollicis longus

Function Abductor pollicis longus

Abduct the thumb

Function Extensor digitorum

Extend digits 2-5

Extensor pollicis brevis

Extend the thumb

Extensor pollicis longus

Extend the thumb

Extensor indicis

Extend the 2nd digit

Function Extensor digiti minimi

Extend the 5th digit

Function Flexor digitorum superficialis

Flex digits 2-5

Function Flexor digitorum profundus

Flex digits 2-5

Function Flexor pollicis longus

Flex the thumb

What are the extrinsic muscles of the hand?

Tendons of the muscles pass through SYNOVIAL TENDON SHEATHS, located within the wrist area - Extensor retinaculum - Flexor retinaculum

Function of Extensor retinaculum

Holds down extensor tendons on back of wrist

Function of Flexor retinaculum

Covers the carpal tunnel

Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand (These muscles are found mostly in the palm or the dorsum of the hand)

Adductor pollicis Opponens pollicis Palmaris brevis Abductor digiti minimi Abductor pollciis brevis Flexor pollicis brevis Flexor digiti minimi brevis Opponens digiti minimi Lumbrical Dorsal interossei Palmar interossei

Compartments of the Arm and Forearm

The deep fascia extends between the bones and the superficial fascia and separates the soft tissues of the limb into separate compartments - Lateral intermuscular septum - Medial intermuscular septum Both septa create compartments within the upper arm - Anterior compartment - Posterior compartment

What happens if there is compression anywhere along the pathway of the Brachial Plexus?

This can cause muscle weakness, as well as sensory issues like parasthesia or anesthesia of the skin in the upper limb

RMMU- What is this?

Terminal nerves of the Brachial Plexus From lateral to medial - Radial nerve - Musculocutaneous nerve - Median nerve - Ulnar nerve

Where does the median nerve go?

Through the carpal tunnel- it may be compressed