Lower Extremity Skeleton Flashcards
Bones of the lower extremity
Hip bones
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal Bones
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Imagine a scenario where a health or developmental condition has led to one lower limb being a different length than the other. What could this lead to, especially on a young patient?
Scoliosis (abnormal curvature to spinal column)
What movements can be performed at the hip joint?
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation
What movements can be performed at the knee joint?
Flexion, extension
What movements can be performed at the ankle joint?
Dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, inversion, eversion
What movements can the digits perform?
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
The pelvic girdle consists of what?
2 hip bones
Each called a coxal bone or innominate bone
- Ilium, ischium, publis
- Acetabulum- socket feature, head of femur articulates here
The lower limb is made of what?
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
What are coxae?
Hip bones
What are the regions of the coxae, from superior to inferior?
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
What is the Anterior Superior Iliac spine?
Bump on front of hips- palpable
What are the anterior structures of the hip bones?
Anterior superior iliac spine
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Pubic tubercle
Pubic crest
Pectineal line
Pubic symphysis
Inferior iliac notch
What is the obturator foramen?
The opening next to the pubic symphysis
Posterior structures of the hip bones
Posterior superior iliac spine
Posterior inferior iliac spine
Ischial tuberosity
Ischial spine
Greater sciatic notch
Lesser sciatic notch
Ischium
What is the Ischial tuberosity?
Bump at bottom, you sit on
What major muscle group originates at the ischial tuberosity?
The hamstrings (posterior thigh)
What are the two features to be aware of on the posterior pelvis?
Greater sciatic notch
Ischial tuberosity
What are the structures seen on the hips from a lateral view?
Acetabulum- hip socket
Anterior, posterior, and inferior gluteal lines
Greater sciatic notch
Ischial spine
Lesser sciatic notch
Anterior and posterior superior iliac spine
Anterior and posterior inferior iliac spine
Obturator foramen
Iliac crest- top curve of hips
Ischial ramus
Superior and inferior pubic ramus
Medial structures of the hip bones
Iliac fossa
Arcuate line
Superior pubic ramus
Auricular surface
Iliac tuberosity
Obturator groove
The Pelvis
Contains the urinary bladder, the sigmoid colon, rectum, and reproductive organs
Consists of two pelvic spaces
Greater Pelvis- superior to lesser pelvis
Lesser Pelvis- inferior to greater pelvis
Pelvic Inlet- boundary between greater and lesser pelvis
Pelvic outlet- lower margin of lesser pelvis
Is the pelvic outlet larger on a male or female?
Larger on the female pelvis
What is the main anatomical difference in regard to childbrearing?
- Pelvic outlet
- Sacrum curve
- Pelvic inlet
- Pubic angle
Relatively broad, low pelvis
Ilia that project farther laterally
Less curvature on the sacrum and coccyx
Wider, more circular pelvic inlet
Enlarged pelvic outlet
Broader pubic angle
What is the pubic angle in female vs male?
Female- 100 degrees or more
Male- 90 degrees or less
What are the proximal structures of the femur?
Head
Fovea
Neck
Greater trochanter
Lesser trochanter
Intertrochanteric line
Intertrochanteric crest
What are the distal structures of the femur?
Medial condyle
Lateral condyle
Medial epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle
Patellar surface
What are the posterior structures of the femur?
Linea aspera
Lateral supracondylar ridge
Medial supracondylar ridge
Popliteal surface
Pectineal line
gluteal tuberosity
Adductor tubercle
Intercondylar fossa
What are the structures of the femur you need to know?
Head
Neck
Linea aspera
The distal femur connects with what?
Only the tibia, not the fibula.
What are the structures of the patella?
Apex
Base
Medial facet
Lateral facet
What are the two structures that connect to the patella along its anterior surface?
The quadriceps tendon superiorly, the patellar ligament inferiorly.
Proximal structures of the tibia
Tibial tuberosity
Medial and lateral condyles
Anterior marhin
Intercondylar eminence
Medial and lateral tubercles of the intercondylar eminence
Soleal line
Interosseous border
Distal structure of the tibia
Medial malleolus- bump on inside of ankle
Proximal and distal structures of the fibula
Proximal
- Head
- Interosseous border
Distal
- Lateral malleolus- bump on outside of ankle
The fibula connects with what? The tibia connects with what?
The fibula connects only with the tibia.
The tibia connects with the femur and the fibula near its proximal end.
Where is the medial malleolus? Where is the lateral malleolus?
Medial malleolus on tibia
Lateral malleolus on fibula
Q-Angle (What in God’s name is this)
Line 1: Connects patella to area near anterior superior iliac spine
Line 2: Connects patella and tibial tuberosity
Angle between the two lines is known as the Q-angle. It will typically be slightly higher in females than males.
It helps with establishing the approximate line of pull of the quadriceps femoris muscle group.
What are the tarsal bones?
SEVEN SEVEN SEVEN SEVEN bones of the ankle
Calcaneus- heel bone
Talus (contains trochlea)
Navicular
Cuboid
Medial cuneiform bone
Intermediate cuneiform bone
Lateral cuneiform bone
The Metatarsals and Phalanges
Metatarsals
- There are 5 metatarsals
- Number I to V
- The metatarsal associated with the hallux is number I
Phalanges
- 14 phalanges in each foot (labeled as proximal, middle, and distal)
- Hallux (big toe) only has two phalanges (labeled as proximal and distal)
What are the two arches of the foot?
Longitudinal arch and transverse arch
Longitudinal arch- sagittal plane
- Formed by calcaneus & metatarsals
Transverse arch- frontal plane
- Formed by cuneiforms, cuboid & bases of metatarsals
Sub-talar joint
Inversion and eversion of the foot occur here
Talocrural joint
Where tibia sits on the talus; dorsiflexion and plantarflexion occur here
