Extra Review Questions Flashcards by Stephanie Muenzen

Which of the following bones does not belong in the distal row of carpal bones?

A. Capitate
B. Hamate
C. Trapezoid
D. Triquetrum
E. Trapezium

D. Triquetrum

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True/False: Keratinocytes are the skin cells that produce the pigment that creates our skin tone

False; melanocytes do this

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Which extraocular muscles creates adduction of the eyeball (that is, draws the eyeball toward the midline)?

The medial rectus muscle

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The head of the ulna is found at its [proximal/distal] end

Distal

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What joint represents the sole connection between the axial and appendicular skeleton?

The sternoclavicular joint

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The posterior head of the deltoid muscle, by itself, primarily creates which movements?

Extension of the arm at the shoulder

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In the male body, list the order of the regiuons of the urethra starting from the bladder and moving externally to the outside of the body

Prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy urethra

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The piece of connective tissue (a thick ligament) that helps create the carpal tunnel by acting as its ceiling is called the what?

Flexor retinaculum

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The rhomboid muscles cause what movements?

Mainly retraction of the scapula; a little bit of scapular elevation; inferior/downward rotation of the scapula

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The deeper portion of the dermis is known as the _______ layer

Reticular

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On which day does the process of ovulation typically occur?

Day 14

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Which of the following structures of the uterus sits most superiorly?

A. Fundus
B. Body
C. External os
D. Cervix
E. Internal os

A. Fundus

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In fetal circulation, blood travels from the placenta to the fetal body through the _______.

Umbilical vein (only one)

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The three germ layers associated with embryological development are called…

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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The greater trochanter feature is found on which lower limb bone?

The femur

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True/False: The ulna bone does not move during pronation and supination movements of the forearm.

True; the radius bone is the one that moves during these actions.

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Which of the following options would not create dorsiflexion of the foot?
A. Tibialis anterior
B. Extensor hallucis longus
C. Soleus
D. Gastrocnemius
E. Two answer choices are correct

E.
Gastrocnemius and soleus are both correct because they are both plantarflexors of the foot.

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The sciatic nerve originates from which plexus?

Sacral plexus

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The femoral nerve originates from what plexus?

Lumbar plexus

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What layer of the epidermis is found in thick skin only?

Stratum lucidum

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True/False: The ureter carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

False; the ureter carries urine from the kidney to the bladder

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True/False: The kidney is found in the peritoneal cavity of the abdomen.

False; the kidney is found in the retroperitoneal cavity of the abdomen

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What are the structures that enter/exit the kidney at the renal hilum?

Renal artery, renal vein, ureter

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What is the name of the muscle that wraps around the spermatic cord and the ipsilateral testis in the male body?

Cremaster muscle

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True/False: The kidneys are only partially covered by the ribs

True; the ribcage does not completely encase the kidneys

When the forearm is supinated, what forearm bone sits on the lateral side (thumb side)?

The radius

The hip socket feature of the hip bone is called what?

Acetabulum

What do you call the small muscles that attach to the hair follicles in our skin?

Arrector pili muscles

What word is used to refer to the general process of prenatal development?

Gestation

A trimester during pregnancy represents about what length of time?

3 months

Think about the embryonic layers around the fetal body. Does the amnion lie external to the chorion?

No; the amnion is internal to the chorion.

What is the technical term for fetal expulsion during labor?

Parturition

What do you call the form of skin cancer that can migrate to other areas?

Melanoma

Tension lines of the skin are formed primarily in the?

Dermis

True/False: As we age, the epidermis will typically get thinner.

True

The renal medulla represents the [internl/external] aspect of the kidney

Internal

As we age, the urethral sphincters will have ____ muscle tone

Decreased

Which muscle is responsible for moving the scalp back and forth, which includes the raising of the eyebrows?

Occipitofrontalis

Which extraocular muscle moves the eyeball both laterally and inferiorly?

Superior oblique

How many different segments of the scalene muscles do we have one either side of the deep neck?

Three (anterior, middle, posterior segments)

What muscular column sits most medially of the erector spinae group in the back?

Spinalis

What is an action that occurs when the erector spinae group contracts bilaterally?

Extension of the spinal/vertebral column

True/False: The styloid processes of the radius and the ulna bones lie at the opposite ends of the forearm.

False; the styloid processes of both bones lie at their distal ends (at the wrist)

What are the three phases of labor during fetal delivery?

1. Dilation 2. Expulsion 3. Placental

What are the primary examples of circulatory bypasses that seal off after we are born? That is, provide the specific names of the two main bypasses in the heart that seal off.

1. Foramen ovale 2. Ductus arteriosus

Name any three muscles that are part of the muscular group that can adduct the thigh at the hip joint.

Adductor longus; adductor magnus; adductor brevis; pectineus; gracilis

How many metatarsal bones would you typically find in the left foot?

Five (one corresponding to each digit/toe)

The hip socket feature is visually seen on the _________ side of the hip bone

Lateral

True/False: The sacrum and coccyx on the female pelvis project more anteriorly compared to that of the male pelvis

False; the sacrum and coccyx should project more inferiorly. That is, they would be more vertical compared to the male pelvis. This allows a greater opening for the pelvic outlet (think childbearing and fetal delivery)

True/False: The distal end of the femur does not physically connect with the fibula of the leg

True; it is only touching the tibia bone of the leg

What do you call the smooth muscle that is present within the wall of the urinary bladder?

Detrusor muscle

Consider two joints in the body (joint A and joint B). If joint A has greater mobility compared to joint B, then joint A has the (higher/lower) potential for instability in the body compared to joint B.

Higher

If a muscle originated on the anterior surface of the femur, crossed the knee joint anteriorly, and then inserted onto the proximal tibia, the primary action(s) associated with this muscle would be...

Knee extension

If a patient had issues with adducting the thigh at the hip joint (think about the medial thigh muscles),. this might suggest nerve conduction issues with which nerve of the lower limb?

Obturator nerve- this nerve supplies the medial thigh muscles (the adductor group)

True/False: The sweat and sebaceous glands of the skin rely on the bloodstream to transport their secretions

False; they are examples of exocrine glands that rely on ducts to move their secretions, not the blood

True/False: The integumentary system does not provide the motor innervation to the skeletal muscles of the body

True. It provides sensory innervation to the skin, but it does not conduct motor signals to our skeletal muscles

What are the primary examples of accessory structures of the integumentary system?

Hair; nails; exocrine glands (sweat; sebaceous; mammary)

True/False: When we are cold, the arrector pili muscles of the skin will contract and cause the hair of our skin to stand up- this helps create an insulating effect on the body

True. These small muscles play a key role in creating this insulating layer which help with heat retention

What are the main examples of the connective tissue structures that insulate and protect the kidney?

Fibrous capsule, perinephric fat, renal fascia

What structure sits directly on the superior surface of the kidney?

The adrenal gland

As urine exits the kidney, the urine encounters the renal pelvis (before/after) a major calyx

After

The collecting duct in the kidney comes directly after what part of the nephron?

The distal convoluted tubule

What part of the male urethra passes through the external urethral sphincter?

The membranous urethra

The external urethral sphincter provides (voluntary/involuntary) control

This sphincter is made of skeletal muscle, so it will be under conscious (voluntary) control

Imagine a muscle that is part of the axial musculature. Could this muscle originate, or insert, onto the humerus or the femur?

No. The axial muscles can originate or insert onto parts of the axial skeleton. They cannot attach to parts of the appendicular skeleton. The humerus and femur are part of the appendicular skeleton (limb bony structures)

If a muscle had '-glossus' as part of its name, then this muscle would be a part of what major structure?

The tongue

If the body were said to be moving ipsilaterally, then this means the body is moving toward the (opposite/dame) side of the body on which a particular muscle is contracting unilaterally

Same

The digastric and mylohyoid muscles of the neck would be primarily creating what actions/movements?

Elevation of the hyoid bone and larynx

Think about the iliocostalis muscle of the back. The superior ends of its segments are primarily inserting onto what bony structure?

The ribs

During exhalation, the diaphragm (contracts/relaxes) and it (descends/ascends)

Relaxes and ascends

What are the primary actions of the oblique and rectus abdominis muscles of the abdominal wall when they are contracting bilaterally?

Flexion of the spinal column (crunch motion). Compression of the torso/abdominal cavity (tightening the abdominal wall- sucking in the gut).

If a patient were struggling with urinary incontinence (lack of control of urination) or urinary leakage, this might suggest weakness in what set of muscles?

The pelvic floor muscles.

What major neural structures emerge in between the anterior and middle scalene muscles?

Roots of the brachial plexus (C5-T1)

When we refer to the pectoral girdle, what set of bony structures are we referring to?

The clavicles and the scapulae (the bony structures that form our shoulder)

The acromion process of the scapula sticks out on its (medial/lateral) side

Lateral

What are all the possible actions that the scapula can participate in?

Elevation; depression; protraction (scapular abduction); retraction (scapular adduction); superior rotation, inferior rotation

The lateral malleolus is a feature found on what lower limb bone?

The fibula

True/False: The malleoli bony features are found at the ankle.

True. The medial malleolus is on the tibia. The lateral malleolus is on the fibula.

Consider two muscles (muscle A and muscle B). Imagine they operate at the same joint. If muscle B has an insertion point that is more distal compared to that of muscle A, then muscle B would be regarded as a (spurt/shunt) muscle.

Shunt

What are the names of the muscles that comprise the hamstring group (posterior thigh)?

Biceps femoris (long head, short head); Semitendinosus; semimebranosus

Is it possible for a muscle to insert onto (and position) the pectoral girdle while having origin points on the axial skeleton?

Yes, this is possible. A primary example would be the trapezius muscle. It positions the shoulder by inserting onto the scapula and clavicle. Trapezius has origin points from the spinous processes of the cervical and thoracic vertebrae, along with the skull. Other examples would include the rhomboid muscles and levator scapulae.

What is the technical term for childbirth (the labor and delivery process)?

Parturition

True/False: During the neonatal peropd, the heart rate of the newborn is lower compared to heart rate in utero.

True. Heart rate is higher in the child in utero. After birth, the child's heart rate decreases.

If there is a decrease in intrathoracic volume, this means the diaphragm is (contracting/relaxing)

Relaxing

What do you call the two main connective tissue structures that attach/connect to the patella?

Quadriceps tendon; patellar ligament

The inferior end of the tibia rests directly on top of which tarsal bone?

Talus

What is a primary function of the internal intercostal muscles? Also, where are the internal intercostal muscles found?

The internal intercostals are found in the chest wall. They sit between adjacent ribs. These muscles mainly work to depress the ribs.

What are the possible actions that can take place at the ankle joint?

Inversion, eversion, dorsiflexion, plantarflexion

What do you call the muscle in the cheeks that keeps the wall of the mouth away from the biting surfaces of our teeth?

Buccinator

What is the bony feature that we sit on? It is something located at the far inferior end of the hip bone.

Ischial tuberosity

What is the name of the biochemical process in which spermatozoa are modified in order to be able to fertilize an oocyte?

Capacitation

Capacitation occurs where?

Epididymis