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ANP 300 > Upper arm LAB 3 > Flashcards

Upper arm LAB 3 Flashcards

1
Q

clavicle

A
  • only bone link between the upper limb and axial skeleton
  • S-shaped
  • medial third is convex anteriorly
  • lateral third is concave anteriorly
  • expanded medial end articulates with manubrium at the sternoclavicular joint
  • flattened lateral end articulates with acromion of the scapula at the synovial acromioclavicular joint
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2
Q

sternoclavicular joint

A

clavicle and manubrium (sternum)

-mobile

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3
Q

acromioclavicular joint

A
  • clavicle and acromion of the scapula
  • synovial
  • shoulder separation
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4
Q

scapula

A
  • triangle
  • covers the second to seventh ribs on the dorsum of the thorax
  • medial border parallels the vertebral column
  • long axillary border is thickened
  • glenoid cavity- forms the joint surface for the humerus
  • spine rises from the dorsal surface and projects laterally as the acromion
  • spine separates the supraspinous fossa above from the infraspinous fossa
  • coracoid process- fingerlike, projects anterolaterally from the superior border
  • gently concave anterior surface of scapular blade comprises the subscapular fossa
  • glenoid fossa articulates with humerus (laterally)
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5
Q

scapula: acromion

A
  • bends anteriorly to overhand the glenoid cavity

- spine rises from the dorsal surface and projects laterally as the acromion

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6
Q

glenoid cavity

A

forms the joint surface for the humerus

-most mobility in the whole body

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7
Q

interclavicular ligaments

A
  • reinforces the sternoclavicular joint

- runs between the medial ends of both clavicles and the top of the manubrium

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8
Q

costoclavicular ligament

A
  • reinforces the sternoclavicular joint

- runs from the underside of the clavicle to the top of the first rib

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9
Q

coracoclavicular ligament

A
  • reinforces the acromioclavicular joint

- extends from the coracoid process to the lateral third of the clavicle

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10
Q

coracoacromial ligament

A
  • reinforces the acromioclavicular joint

- runs from the coracoid process to the acromioclavicular joint

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11
Q

humerus

A
  • proximal end is the hemispherical head -> articulares with the glenoid fossa of the scapula
  • greater tubercle- large, lateral to head
  • lesser tubercle- smaller anterior to greater tubercle
  • intertubercular sulcus- deep groove that runs longitudinally on the anterior surface between the greater and lesser tubercles
  • deltoid tuberosity- midshaft below the greater tubercle, prominent
  • medial epicondyle- distal end that expands medially (can be palpated)
  • lateral epicondyle- smaller (on other side)
  • distal end has 2 articular surfaces
  • trochlea- medial, spool shaped, articulates with ulna
  • capitulum- lateral, bulbous, articulates with the radius
  • coronoid fossa- anterior, depression above the trochlea, receives the coronoid process of the ulna when the forearm is flexed
  • radial fossa- lateral depression, above the capitulum, smaller, shallower, receive the head of the radius when the forearm is fully flexed
  • olecranon fossa- posterior, large triangular depression proximal to the trochlea, receives the olecranon of the ulna when the forearm is fully extended
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12
Q

radius

A
  • head- proximal end, articulates with ulna (medially) and the capitulum of the humerus (proximally)
  • radial (bicipital) tuberosity- distal to head on anteromedial side, prominent
  • distal end of radius is enlarged
  • styloid process- lateral, projects distally, easily palpated
  • lister’s dorsal tubercle- on dorsal aspect, palpable
  • concave distal ends of radius articulates with two wrist bones (lunate and scaphoid)
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13
Q

ulna

A
  • proximal end is expanded
  • articulates with both radius and humerus
  • olecranon- posterior, easily palpated, fits into the olecranon fossa of the humerus when forearm is extended
  • trochlear notch- anterior aspect of proximal end, articulates with the trochlea of the humerus, extended anteriorly by the prominent coronoid process
  • coronoid process- fits into the coronoid fossa of the humerus when the forearm is fully flexed
  • radial notch- lateral to the coronoid process, shallow, articulates with head of radius
  • head- distal end, articulates medially and anteriorly with the radius and distally with a fibrocartilage disc interposed between it an one of the carpal bones (triquetrum)
  • styloid process- posterior to the head, short, fingerlike, projects distally
  • interosseous membrane- connects the medial aspect of the radial shaft and the lateral aspect of the ulnar shaft, fibrous, serves as the attachment for some of thr muscles that move the thumb
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14
Q

carpals

A
  • 8
  • form wrist
  • aligned in 2 transverse rows of 4
  • proximal row- scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
  • distal row- trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
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15
Q

sesamoid bone

A
  • forms in the tendon of a muscle

- ex. pisiform

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16
Q

proximal row of carpals

A
  • scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform (lateral to medial)
  • first 3- movement of wrist through their articulation with the radius and ulna
  • pisiform- set anterior to the others and sits on the triquetrum, sesamoid bone that forms in the tendon of a flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
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17
Q

distal row of carpals

A
  • trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate (lateral to medial)

- participate in movement of the wrist through their articulation with the metacarpal bones of the palm

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18
Q

metacarpals

A
  • 5
  • form the palm
  • first element of each ray is its metacarpal
  • proximal end is expanded to form a base that articulate with one or more of carpal bone
  • distal end has a rounded head that articulates with the proximal phalanx
  • each metacarpal is slightly concave on palmar side and gently convex on dorsal side
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19
Q

phalanges

A
  • 14
  • digits
  • each of the 4 fingers have: proximal phalanx, middle phalanx, distal phalanx
  • thumb (pollex)- only has a proximal phalanx and distal phalanx
  • distal end of each distal phalanx is expanded to form apical tuft (ungual tuberosity)- smooth on its dorsal (nail) side and rough on volar (pad) side
  • apical tuft- provides support that enables the broad, fleshy fingertips to grip opposition with the thumb
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20
Q

shoulder joint

A
  • articular cage covers head of humerus
  • glenoid articular cartilage expanded around the rim to form a labrum
  • the joint capsule attaches proximally to the rim of the glenoid and distally to the neck of the humerus
  • lined with synovial membrane
  • fibrous outer part is reinforced by glenohumeral ligaments
  • joint capsule is pierced by tendon of the long head of biceps brachii- attaches to the top of the glenoid rim and runs through the capsule over the head of the humerus -> exits the capusle into the intertubercular sulcus on anterior aspect of humerus
  • synovial membrane wraps around tendon sheath -> permits tendon free movement under the transverse humeral ligament between the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus
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21
Q

glenohumeral ligaments

A
  • thin and weak

- reinforced the fibrous outer part of joint capsule in shoulder

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22
Q

rotator cuff muscles

A
  • shoulder joint is reinforced by tendons of 4 muscles
  • all the posterior insert on greater tubercle -> laterally rotate
  • anterior insert on lesser tubercle
  • supraspinatus- passes the joint superiorly, posteriorly
  • subscapularis- passes joint anteriorly
  • infraspinatus- pass joint posteriorly
  • teres minor- pass joint posteriorly
  • form an incomplete cuff around shoulder joint
  • prevent shoulder dislocation
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23
Q

shoulder bursae

A
  • subacromial bursa- superior, lies beneath the acromion of the scapula and above the tendon of the supraspinatus
  • subscapular bursa- anterior, located between the tendon of the subscapularis muscle and the joint capsule, an extension of the synovial membrane of the joint capsule
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24
Q

3 articulations of elbow joint

A
  1. hinge joint between humerus and ulna
  2. ball and socket joint between humerus and radius
  3. pivot joint between radius and ulna
    - contained within the joint capsule and synovial cavity
    - 1 & 2 -> permits ulna and radius to flex and extend
    - 2 &3 -> permit medial and lateral rotation (pronation and supination) of radius
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25
Q

elbow joint

A
  • articular cartilage covers the trochlea of humerus and the opposing trochlear notch of the ulna
  • also covers the capitulum of humerus and opposing head of radius
  • also covers radial notch of ulna and the opposing head of radius
  • fibrous joint capsule is lined with synovial membrane
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26
Q

ligaments of elbow joint

A
  • 3 extracapsular ligaments reinforce
  • annular ligament
  • radius and ulna are held against the humerus by ligaments on the medial and lateral sides of the joint
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27
Q

annular ligament

A
  • elbow joint
  • holds the head of radius tightly against the ulna
  • sweeps around the circumference of the radial head from margin of ulnar radial notch to the other
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28
Q

ulnar collateral ligament

A
  • elbow joint
  • arises from the medial epicondyle of the humerus and fans out to attach to the medial side of the ulna
  • prevents from abduction and adduction elbow
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29
Q

radial collateral ligament

A
  • elbow joint
  • arises from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and fans out to insert into the annular ligament and the lateral aspect of the ulna
  • prevents from abduction and adduction elbow
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30
Q

bursae of elbow

A
  • posterior to joint
  • subtendinous olecranon bursa- lies between the joint and the tendon of the triceps brachii muscle which inserts onto the apex of the olecranon of the ulna
  • subcutaneous olecranon bursa- lies immediately below the skin at the back of the ulnar olecranon
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31
Q

2 articulations of wrist joint

A
  1. between the distal ends of the radius and ulna
  2. between the forearm bones and the proximal row of carpals
    - 1 is the distal radioulnar joint
    - 2 is radiocarpal joint
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32
Q

distal radiolulnar joint

A
  • permits pronation and supination of the forearm and hand
  • concave ulnar botch and the radius sweeps around the head of the ulna
  • between the distal ends of the radius and ulna
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33
Q

triangular disc of wrist joint

A
  • stabilizes the joint
  • fibrocartilage that covers the distal end of the ulna
  • extends from the edge of the ulnar notch of the radius to the styloid process of the ulna
  • interposed between the ulna and carpal bones (lunate and triquetral)
  • glides across the ulnar head and the radius moves around it
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34
Q

radiocarpal joint

A
  • permits flexion and extension as well as abduction and adduction of the hand
  • formed by the distal end of the radius and the triangular disc, which articulate, respectively with the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum distally
  • between the forearm bones and the proximal row of carpals
  • radius articulates with scaphoid and lunate
  • triangular disc articulates with lunate during abduction and pure flexion and extension
  • when hand is adducted triangular disc articulate with triquetrum
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35
Q

radiocarpal ligaments

A
  • provides stability for wrist joint

- dorsally and ventrally

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36
Q

ulnocarpal ligaments

A
  • provides stability for wrist joint

- dorsally and ventrally

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37
Q

radial collateral ligament

A
  • provides stability for wrist joint

- between the styloid process of the radius and the scaphoid

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38
Q

ulnar collateral ligament

A
  • provides stability for wrist joint

- between the styloid process of the ulna and the triquetral

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39
Q

flexor retinaculum

A
  • strong transverse ligament that extends from the pisiform and hamate medially to the scaphoid and trapezium laterally
  • *creates a carpal tunnel that prevents the flexor tendons from bowstringing when the muscles contract
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40
Q

carpal tunnel

A
  • transmit 9 tendons from the muscles that flex the fingers and thumb
  • tendon of the flexor carpi radialis muscle runs underneath the flexor retinaculum but does not pass through the carpal tunnel proper
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41
Q

muscles of the upper limb

A
  • two compartments: dorsal and ventral
  • each is surrounded by a layer of deep fascia with muscles, nerves, and blood vessels
  • they are supplied by the ventral rami of spinal nerves
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42
Q

brachial plexus

A
  • in order to provide muscles with nerve fibers from more than one spinal nerve the ventral rami are braided together -> brachial plexus
  • supply the muscles of upper limbs
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43
Q

shoulder: dorsal muscle

A
  • includes muscles that cross the shoulder joint and originate in vertebral column, the back of rib cage, and scapula
  • stabilize the shoulder joint
  • extend and adduct arm
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44
Q

arm: dorsal muscle

A

-extends forearm

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45
Q

forearm: dorsal muscle

A

-supinate the forearm, extend the wrist and extend and abduct the fingers and thumb

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46
Q

hand: dorsal muscle

A

-intrinsic hand muscles that move the thumb and fingers are all ventral

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47
Q

shoulder: ventral muscles

A
  • muscles that cross the shoulder joint and originate from the front of the rib cage, clavicle, and coracoid process of scapula
  • flex the arm
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48
Q

arm: ventral muscles

A

-flex and supinate forearm

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49
Q

forearm: ventral muscles

A
  • flex, abudct, and adduct the wrist

- flex the fingers and thumb

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50
Q

hand: ventral muscles

A
  • intrinsic hand muscles
  • abduct and adduct, flex and extend the fingers and thumb
  • all are ventral
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51
Q

roots

A

-5 ventral rami comprise the 5 roots of the plexus

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52
Q

trunks

A
  • roots combine to form 3 trunks:
  • superior
  • middle
  • inferior
  • each trunk has axons that will go to dorsal and ventral compartment muscles
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53
Q

cords

A
  • from each trunk the axons that supply a dorsal compartment split apart from the ones that supply a ventral compartment
  • split forms 3 cords:
  • lateral
  • medial
  • posterior
  • named with according position to brachial artery
  • axons of each cord travel only to dorsal compartment muscles or only to ventral compartment muscles
  • lateral and medial cords carry ventral compartment axons
  • posterior cord carries dorsal compartment axons
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54
Q

peripheral nerves

A
  • axons of each cord separate and form peripheral nerves that innervate muscles
  • lateral pectoral nerve
  • musculocutaneous nerve
  • median nerve
  • medial pectoral nerve
  • ulnar nerve
  • axillary nerve
  • radial nerve
  • subscapular nerve
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55
Q

lateral cord

A
  • carry ventral compartment axons

- yields the lateral pectoral nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, and part of median nerve

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56
Q

medial cord

A
  • carry ventral compartment axons

- yields the medial pectoral nerve, the ulnar nerve, and the other part of median nerve

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57
Q

superior trunk

A
  • yields the suprascapular nerve
  • the only nerve to emerge directly from a trunk
  • innervates dorsal compartment muscles
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58
Q

posterior cord

A
  • yields the subscapular nerve, the radial nerve, and the axillary nerve
  • carries dorsal compartment axons
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59
Q

scapulohumeral muscles

A
  • muscles that move the arm (insert on humerus)
  • origin from the scapula
  • 7
  • 4 from rotator cuff
  • 6 innervated by dorsal compartment nerves
  • coracobrachialis
  • teres major
  • deltoid
  • supraspinatus
  • infraspinatus
  • teres minor
  • subscapularis
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60
Q

thoracohumeral muscles

A
  • muscles that move the arm (insert on humerus)
  • arise from the thoracic axial skeleton (vertebral column and ribs)
  • ventral compartment = medial and lateral pectoral nerves
  • 2
  • latissimus dorsi
  • pectoralis major
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61
Q

coracobrachialis

A
  • scapulohumeral muscles
  • ventral compartment
  • musculocutaneous nerve
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62
Q

teres major

A
  • scapulohumeral muscle
  • dorsal compartment
  • lower subscapular nerve
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63
Q

deltoid

A
  • scapulohumeral muscle
  • dorsal compartment
  • originates on spine of scapula, acromion, and lateral clavicle
  • inserts on deltoid tuberosity of humerus
  • crosses shoulder joint from 3 diff sides -> 3 diff actions
  • flexes (anterior), abducts (lateral), and extends (posterior) the arm
  • innervated by axillary nerve
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64
Q

supraspinatus

A
  • scapulohumeral muscle
  • dorsal compartment
  • suprascapular nerve
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65
Q

infraspinatus

A
  • scapulohumeral muscle
  • dorsal compartment
  • suprascapular nerve
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66
Q

teres minor

A
  • scapulohumeral muscle
  • dorsal compartment
  • axillary nerve
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67
Q

subscapularis

A
  • scapulohumeral muscle
  • dorsal compartment
  • upper and lower subscapular nerves
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68
Q

latissimus dorsi

A
  • thoracohumeral muscle
  • dorsal compartment
  • thoracodorsal nerve
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69
Q

pectoralis major

A
  • thoracohumeral muscle
  • ventral compartment
  • medial and lateral pectoral nerves
  • adducts and medially rotates humerus
  • comes from sternum and clavicle
  • anteriorly crosses shoulder joint
  • inserts on anterior humerus
  • innervated my brachial plexus (medial and lateral pectoral nerves)
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70
Q

ventral compartment muscles of the arm

A
  • fleshy belly lies in the ventral compartment of the arm will be supplied by the musculocutaneous nerve
  • bicep brachii
  • brachialis
  • coracobrachialis
  • musculocutaneous nerve
  • flexion
  • brachial artery
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71
Q

bicep brachii

A
  • supplied by the musculocutaneous nerve
  • ventral compartment
  • musculocutaneous nerve
  • arm
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72
Q

brachialis

A
  • supplied by musculocutaneous nerve
  • ventral compartment
  • musculocutaneous nerve
  • arm
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73
Q

dorsal compartment muscle of the arm

A
  • fleshy belly lies in the dorsal compartment of arm
  • supplied by the radial nerve
  • triceps brachii
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74
Q

triceps brachii

A
  • supplied by radial nerve
  • dorsal compartment
  • radial nerve
  • arm
  • 3 heads-> long, lateral, medial
  • insert of olecranon process of ulna
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75
Q

ventral compartment muscles of the forearm

A
  • fleshy belly lies in ventral compartment of forearm
  • supplied by median nerve or ulnar nerve
  • pronator teres
  • pronator quadratus
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76
Q

pronator teres

A
  • ventral compartment
  • median nerve
  • move forearm
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77
Q

pronator quadratus

A
  • ventral compartment
  • median nerve
  • move forearm
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78
Q

dorsal compartment muscles of the forearm: wrist, fingers, and thumb

A

-fleshy belly lies in dorsal compartment of the forearm
-supplied by the median nerve or ulnar nerve
wrist:
-felxor carpi radialis
-flexor carpi ulnaris
-palmaris longus
fingers and thumb:
-flexor digitorum superficialis
-flexor digitorum profundus
-flexor pollicis longus

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79
Q

flexor carpi radialis

A
  • ventral compartment
  • median nerve
  • move wrist
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80
Q

flexor carpi ulnaris

A
  • ventral compartment
  • ulnar nerve
  • move wrist
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81
Q

palmaris longus

A
  • ventral compartment
  • median nerve
  • move wrist
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82
Q

flexor digitorum superficialis

A
  • ventral compartment
  • median nerve
  • moves fingers and thumb
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83
Q

flexor digitorum profundus

A
  • ventral compartment
  • median and ulnar nerve
  • moves fingers and thumb
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84
Q

flexor pollicis longus

A
  • ventral compartment
  • median nerve
  • moves fingers and thumb
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85
Q

dorsal compartment muscles of the forearm: move forearm

A
  • felly belly lies in dorsal compartment of forearm
  • supplied by radial nerve
  • brachioradialis
  • supinator
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86
Q

brachioradialis

A
  • dorsal compartment
  • radial nerve
  • move forearm
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87
Q

supinator

A
  • dorsal compartment
  • radial nerve
  • move forearm
88
Q

dorsal compartment muscles of the forearm: wrist, fingers and thumb

A

-fleshy belly lies in the dorsal compartment of the forearm
-supplied by the radial nerve
wrist:
-extensor carpi radialis longus
-extensor carpi radialis brevis
-extensor carpi ulnaris
fingers:
-extensor digitorum
-extensor digiti minimi
-extensor indicis
thumb:
-extensor pollicis longus
-extensor pollicis brevis
-abductor pollicis longus

89
Q

extensor carpi radialis longus

A
  • dorsal compartment
  • radial nerve
  • move wrist
90
Q

extensor carpi radialis brevis

A
  • dorsal compartment
  • radial nerve
  • move wrist
91
Q

extensor carpi ulnaris

A
  • dorsal compartment
  • radial nerve
  • move wrist
92
Q

extensor digitorum

A
  • dorsal compartment
  • radial nerve
  • move fingers
93
Q

extensor digiti minimi

A
  • dorsal compartment
  • radial nerve
  • move fingers
94
Q

extensor indicis

A
  • dorsal compartment
  • radial nerve
  • move fingers
95
Q

extensor pollicis longus

A
  • dorsal compartment
  • radial nerve
  • move thumb
96
Q

extensor pollicis brevis

A
  • dorsal compartment
  • radial nerve
  • move thumb
97
Q

abductor pollicis longus

A
  • dorsal compartment
  • radial nerve
  • move thumb
98
Q

ventral compartment muscles of the hands

A
  • fleshy belly lies in the ventral compartment of the hand
  • supplied by either median nerve or ulnar nerve
  • 5
  • only ventral
  • flexor digiti minimi
  • abductor digiti minimi
  • opponens digiti minimi
  • lumbrical muscles
  • interossei muscles
99
Q

flexor digiti minimi

A
  • ventral compartment
  • ulnar nerve
  • move hand
100
Q

abductor digiti minimi

A
  • ventral compartment
  • ulnar nerve
  • move hand
101
Q

opponens digiti minimi

A
  • ventral compartment
  • ulnar nerve
  • move hand
102
Q

lumbrical muscles

A
  • ventral compartment
  • ulnar and median nerve
  • move hand
103
Q

interossei muscles

A
  • ventral compartment
  • ulnar nerve
  • move hand
104
Q

ventral compartment nerves

A
  • musculocutaneous
  • median
  • ulnar
105
Q

musculocutaneous nerve

A
  • ventral compartment
  • arises about an inch below the coracoid process of scapula
  • pierces the coracobrachialis muscle
  • crosses the anterior compartment of the arm
  • supplies 3 muscles of that compartment and the elbow joint
106
Q

median nerve

A
  • ventral compartment
  • descends with the brachial artery along the medial aspect of the arm
  • follows a median course along the forearm
  • crosses wrist at carpel tunnel
107
Q

ulnar nerve

A
  • ventral compartment
  • arises about an inch below coracoid process of scapula
  • runs with median nerve and brachial artery to about the middle of the arm
  • turns posteriorly and passes behind the medial epicondyle of the humerus
  • run in contact with the capsule of the elbow joint
  • funny bone nerve
  • continues distally by turning anteriorly to run along the ulna
  • crosses the wrist anterior to the carpal tunnel
108
Q

dorsal compartment nerves

A
  • suprascapular
  • axillary
  • radial
109
Q

suprascapular nerve

A
  • dorsal compartment
  • curves over onto the dorsal surface of the scapula through the notch in the upper border of that bone adjacent to coracoid process
110
Q

axillary nerve

A
  • dorsal compartment
  • runs across anterior surface of subscapularis muscle
  • exits the axilla between it and the teres major muscle
  • runs behind humerus
111
Q

radial nerve

A
  • dorsal compartment
  • largest branch of the brachial plexus
  • descends along back of humerus
  • curves around to emerge at elbow anterior to lateral epicondyle of humerus
  • divides into two branhces
  • one supplies muscles of posterior compartment of forearm
  • other continues distally along the lateral side of the radius to supply skin of the back of the hand
112
Q

ventral compartment muscles

A
  • innervated by ventral division nerves:
  • lateral pectoral
  • medial pectoral
  • musculocutaneous
  • median
  • ulnar
113
Q

dorsal compartment muscles

A
  • innervated by dorsal division nerves:
  • suprascapular
  • subscapular
  • axillary
  • radial
114
Q

thoracohumeral muscles

A
  • 2
  • latissimus dorsi
  • pectoralis major
115
Q

pectoralis major

A
  • large muscle on front of chest
  • arises from the medial half of the clavicle, sternum, and part of 7th rib
  • inserts onto greater tubercle of humerus
  • adducts and medially rotates the humerus
  • clavicular part also flexes the shoulder joint whereas the sternal part extends an already flexed arm
  • ventral compartment = medial and lateral pectoral nerves
116
Q

coracobrachialis

A
  • runs from the tip of the coracoid process of the scapula to the medial side of the middle of the humeral shaft
  • adducts and flexes the arm
  • ventral compartment = musculocutaneous nerve
117
Q

teres major

A
  • runs from the dorsal surface of the scapular blade to the lesser tubercle of the humerus
  • adducts, medially rotates, and extends arm
  • dorsal compartment = lower suprascapular arm
118
Q

rotator cuff muscles

A
  • supraspinatus
  • infraspinatus
  • teres minor
  • subscapularis
119
Q

supraspinatus

A
  • runs from the supraspinous fossa of the scapula across the top of the shoulder joint to insert onto the greater tubercle of the humerus
  • elevates and abducts the arm
  • dorsal compartment = suprascapular nerve
120
Q

infraspinatus

A
  • runs from the infraspinous fossa of the scapula across the back of the shoulder joint to the greater tubercle of the humerus
  • laterally rotates the arm
  • dorsal compartment = suprascapular nerve
121
Q

teres minor

A
  • arises from the drosal surface of the scapula along its axillary border just superior to the origin of teres major
  • runs across the back of the shoulder joint to the greater tubercle of the humerus
  • laterally rotates the arm but only when its adducted
  • dorsal compartment = axillary nerve
122
Q

subscapularis

A
  • arises from the anterior surface of the blade of the scapula (subscapular fossa)
  • runs across the front of the shoulder joint
  • inserts onto the lesser tubercle of the humerus
  • medially rotates the arm
  • dorsal compartment = upper and lower subscapular nerves
123
Q

elbow flexors

A
  • biceps brachii
  • brachialis
  • brachioradialis
124
Q

bicep brachii

A
  • arises by 2 separate scapular attachments that merge to forma single belly
  • long head- arises from a tubercle above the glenoid fossa -> its tendon passes through the shoulder joint capsule and runs along the intertubercular groove of the humerus
  • short head- arises from the coracoid process
  • unified belly inserts onto the tuberosity of the radius
  • some tendinous fibers separate from it above the elbow and sweep medially to form the bicipital aponeurosis -> merges with the deep fascia
  • flexes the elbow
  • supinator
  • ventral compartment = musculocutaneous nerve
125
Q

brachialis

A
  • arises from the front of the humeral shaft and inserts onto the ulna at the base of the coronoid process
  • flexes the elbow when forearm is pronated or supinated
  • ventral compartment = musculocutaneous nerve
126
Q

brachioradialis

A
  • originates on the lateral edge of the humerus above the lateral epicondyle
  • inserts onto the radius close to the styloid process
  • flexes elbow
  • dorsal compartment = radial nerve
127
Q

elbow extensors

A
  • triceps brachii

- anconeus

128
Q

triceps brachii

A
  • 3 bellies that merge to insert onto the olecranon of the ulna
  • long head- arises from the inferior rim of the glenoid fossa of the scapula
  • lateral head- arises from the humerus between the greater tubercle and deltoid tuberosity
  • medial head- arises from the posterior surface of the humerus
  • long head extends forearm and adducts and extends the humerus
  • dorsal compartment = radial nerve
129
Q

anconeus

A
  • runs from the back of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the lateral side of the olecranon of the ulna
  • extends the forearm
  • dorsal compartment = radial nerve
130
Q

pronators of the forearm

A
  • pronator teres
  • pronator quadratus
  • ventral compartment = median nerve
131
Q

pronator teres

A
  • arises from the medial epicondyle of the humerus and crosses the elbow
  • insert onto the lateral side of the radius shaft
  • addition to being pronator -> also a weak flexor of elbow
  • ventral compartment = median nerve
132
Q

pronator quadratus

A
  • located just above wrist
  • runs from the anteromedial edge of the ulna to the anterior surface of the radius
  • ventral compartment = median nerve
133
Q

deltoid

A
  • attaches to the spine and acromion of the scapula and to the lateral third of the clavicle
  • inserts onto the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus
  • felxes, abducts, and extends the arm
  • dorsal compartment = axillary nerve
134
Q

supinators of the forearm

A
  • supinator

- biceps brachii

135
Q

supinator

A
  • arranged in 2 layers
  • superficial layer arises from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus -> runs behind the radial head and turns forward -> inserts onto the front of the radial shaft
  • deep layer arises from the lateral side of the upper end of the ulna -> runs behind the radius and turns forward -> insert on the front of the upper part of the radial shaft
  • dorsal compartment = radial nerve
136
Q

biceps brachii

A
  • powerful flexor of elbow and shoulder
  • important supinator of forearm
  • does not flex when pronated
  • ventral compartment = musculocutaneous nerve
137
Q

flexors of the wrist

A
  • arise from the medial epicondyle of the humerus by a common tendon
  • all are ventral compartment
  • flexor carpi radialis
  • flexor carpi ulnaris
  • palmaris longus
138
Q

flexor carpi radialis

A
  • crosses the radial side of the forearm to attach to the bases of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpals
  • abducts the wrist
  • ventral compartment = median nerve
139
Q

flexor carpi ulnaris

A
  • runs along the ulnar side of the forearm to attach to the pisiform and then onto the base of the 5th metacarpal
  • adducts the wrist
  • ventral compartment = ulnar nerve
140
Q

palmaris longus

A
  • runs between the other 2 flexors at attach to the front of the flexor retinaculum
  • fans out to form 4 separate bands that join the flexor sheaths of the fingers
  • bands are connected by fibrous tissue that forms a sheet known as the palmar aponeurosis
  • ventral compartment = median nerve
141
Q

extensors of the wrist

A
  • arise from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
  • all are dorsal
  • extensor carpi radialis longus
  • extensor carpi radialis brevis
  • extensor carpi ulnaris
142
Q

extensor carpi radialis longus

A
  • runs along the lateral side of the forearm
  • insert onto the base of the 2nd metacarpal
  • also abducts the wrist
  • dorsal compartment = radial nerve
143
Q

extensor carpi radialis brevis

A
  • runs along the lateral side of the forearm
  • insert onto the base of the 3rd metacarpal
  • abducts the wrist
  • dorsal compartment = radial nerve
144
Q

extensor carpi ulnaris

A
  • arises from the back of the ulnar shaft
  • conjoined fibers runs along the medial side of the forearm
  • insert onto the base of the 5th metacarpal
  • adducts the wrist
  • dorsal compartment = radial nerve
145
Q

muscles that move the fingers

A
  • 10
  • 2 groups
  • 5 extrinsic arise from arm or forearm
  • 5 intrinsic originate from within the hand itself
146
Q

-extrinsic flexors of the fingers

A
  • tendons run through the carpal tunnel
  • ventral compartment
  • flexor digitorum superficialis
  • flexor digitorum profundus
147
Q

flexor digitorum superficialis

A
  • arises from the medial epicondyle of the humerus and the medial side of the coronoid process of the ulna
  • also arises from the shaft of the radius
  • conjoined fibers run down the forearm deep to the wrist flexors
  • above the wrist it gives rise to 4 tendons -> each insert onto middle phalanx after separating around the flexor digitorum profundus tendon over the proximal phalanx
  • ventral compartment = median nerve
148
Q

flexor digitorum profundus

A
  • arises from the ulnar shaft
  • also gives rise to 4 tendons, each of which insert onto a distal phalanx
  • ventral compartment = median and ulnar nerve
149
Q

extrinsic extensor of the fingers

A
  • dorsal compartment muscles
  • extensor digitorum
  • extensor digiti minimi
  • extensor indicis
150
Q

extensor digitorum

A

arises from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus

  • gives rise to 4 tendons, each of which inserts onto a distal phalanx
  • dorsal compartment = radial nerve
151
Q

extensor digiti minimi

A
  • arises from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and runs to the 5th digit
  • dorsal compartment = radial nerve
152
Q

extensor indicis

A
  • a deep muscle that originates along the distal part of the ulnar shaft and runs to the 2nd digit
  • dorsal compartment = radial nerve
153
Q

intrinsic muscles of the fingers

A
  • 3 out of 5 run from the flexor retinaculum to the little finger -> form the hypothenar eminence on the medial side of the palm
  • all are ventral compartment
  • flexor digit minimi
  • abductor digiti minimi
  • opponens digiti minimi
  • lumbricals
  • interossei
154
Q

flexor digiti minimi

A
  • arises form the flexor retinaculum
  • inserts onto the base of the proximal phalanx of the 5th digit
  • flexes the 5th digit
  • ventral compartment = ulnar nerve
155
Q

abductor digiti minimi

A

arises from the flexor retinaculum

  • inserts onto the base of the proximal phalanx of the 5th digit
  • abducts and flexes the 5th digit
  • ulnar nerve
156
Q

opponens digiti minimi

A
  • arises from the flexor retinaculum
  • inserts onto the 5th metacarpal
  • flexes and laterally rotates the metacarpal to a slight degree
  • causes the ventral surface of the little finger to face the thumb when the tips of these digits are opposed
  • ulnar nerve
157
Q

lumbricals

A
  • 4- > one for each finger
  • each arise from the tendon of flexor digitorum profundus
  • runs along the lateral side of that of that tendon to insert onto the base of the proximal phalanx
  • then turns dorsally to join the common extensor tendon
  • flexes the metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint and extends the proximal interphalangeal (IP) joint
  • median and ulnar nerves
158
Q

interossei

A
  • 7 interosseous muscles
  • 3 palmar interossei adduct the fingers toward the midline
  • 3rd digit cannot be adducted -> it has no palmar interosseus muscle
  • runs from a metacarpal to the base of a proximal phalanx (occasionally a fourth interosseus muscle of thumb)
  • the 4 dorsal interossei abduct the fingers away from the midline (third digit requires 2 muscles)
  • each arises from the opposing surfaces of 2 adjacent metacarpals to insert onto the base of the proximal phalanx
  • dorsal interossei are so named bc they lie dorsal to the palmar interossei, but they still occupy the ventral compartment of the hand
  • ulnar nerve
159
Q

muscles that move the thumb

A
  • 8
  • 2 groups of 4
  • extrinsic that originate from the forearm
  • intrinsic that originate from within the hand itself
  • flexor pollicis longus
  • abductor pollicis longus
  • extensor pollicis longus
  • extensor pollicis brevis
160
Q

flexor pollicis longus

A

arises from the anterior surface of the radial shaft

  • interosseous membrane and the medial side of the coronoid process of the ulna
  • its long tendon runs through the carpal tunnel to insert onto the ventral surface of the base of the distal phalanx
  • only extrinsic thumb muscle in the anterior compartment of the forearm
  • ventral compartment = median nerve
161
Q

abductor pollicis longus

A
  • arises from the posterior surfaces of the radius, ulna, and interosseous membrane
  • tendon runs past the styloid process of the radius to insert onto the lateral side of the base of the 1st metacarpal
  • its tendon forms part of the anterior margin of the anatomical snuff box
  • also lateral rotates the thumb
  • dorsal compartment = radial nerve
162
Q

extensor pollicis longus

A
  • arises from the back of the ulnar shaft and inserts onto the dorsal surface of the distal phalanx
  • its tendon forms the posterior margin of the anatomical snuff box
  • dorsal compartment = radial nerve
163
Q

extensor pollicis brevis

A
  • arises from the posterior surface of the radius and interosseous membrane and inserts on the dorsal surface of the base of the proximal phalanx
  • its tendon forms part of the anterior margin of the anatomical snuff box
  • dorsal compartment = radial nerve
164
Q

intrinsic muscles of the thumb

A
  • 4
  • ventral
  • 3 arise from the flexor retinaculum and form the thenar eminence on the lateral side of the palm
  • they act together to produce opposition of the thumb
  • 4th muscle -> adductor pollicis -> lies deep in the palm
165
Q

flexor pollicis brevis

A
  • arises from the flexor retinaculum and the trapezium
  • inserts onto the lateral aspect of the base of the proximal phalanx
  • opposes and flexes the thumb
  • median and ulnar nerves
166
Q

abductor pollicis brevis

A
  • arises form the flexor retinaculum as well as the scaphoid and trapezium
  • inserts with the tendon of flexor pollicis brevis onto the lateral side of the base of the proximal phalanx
  • opposes and abducts the thumb
  • median nerve
167
Q

opponens pollicis

A
  • arises from the flexor retinaculum and trapezium
  • insert onto the lateral surface of the 1st metacarpal
  • produces opposition
  • median nerve
168
Q

adductor pollicis

A
  • arises from the capitate, and from the shaft of the 3rd metacarpal
  • the fibers converge to insert onto the medial side of the base of the proximal phalanc
  • flexes the thumb when it is an adducted position
  • ulnar nerve
169
Q

aortic arch

A

-give blood to upper limb on both sides of the body just above the heart

170
Q

brachiocephalic trunk

A
  • blood travels from the aortic arch into the brachiocephalic trunk to get to the right upper limb
  • trunk divides into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery
171
Q

subclavian artery

A
  • blood travels from the aortic arch directly into its 3rd principal branch -> the left subclavian artery
  • to get to the left upper limb
  • arises from the aortic arch immediately after the origin of the left common carotid artery
  • on both sides of the body the subclavian artery runs laterally between the clavicle and first rib
  • past the rib the subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery
172
Q

axillary artery

A
  • past the edge of the rib the subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery
  • runs through the axilla
  • past the lower edge of the teres major muscle it takes on another name -> brachial artery
173
Q

brachial artery

A
  • past the lower edge of the teres major muscle the axillary artery becomes the brachial artery
  • runs along the medial side of the arm
  • above the elbow the brachial artery emerges from underneath the bicep brachii muscle onto the front of the brachialis muscle -> pulse felt here
  • continues distally into cubital fossa -> divides into two branches just below the elbow
174
Q

radial artery

A
  • one branch of the brachial artery
  • runs along the tendon of the brachioradialis muscle to cross the distal end of the radius
  • pulse is most easily felt here
  • crosses the wrist through the anatomical snuff box and then divides into 2 main branches -> deep palmar arch and ulnar artery
175
Q

deep palmar arch

A
  • a branch of the radial artery

- supplies the deep hand muscles

176
Q

ulnar artery

A
  • branch of the radial artery
  • turns posteriorly to supply the back of the hand
  • runs medially and deeply underneath the pronator teres muscle and between the flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor digitorum profundus muscles
  • runs with the ulnar nerve across the flexor retinaculum of the wrist and in the hand becomes the superficial palmar arch
177
Q

superficial palmar arch

A
  • branched from the ulnar artery

- supplies the superficial hand muscles

178
Q

deep veins: upper arm

A
  • run alongside the arteries
  • venae comitantes
  • named according to artery they accompany
  • continuous with superficial veins that feed them
  • basilic vein is joined on the medial side of the arm by the venae comitantes of the axillary artery to become the axillary vein
  • axillary vein is joined by the cephalic vein to become the subclavian vein
  • subclavian veins on both sides of body are symmetrical in terms of their structure -> join the roots of the external and internal jugular veins to form the brachiocephalic vein
  • left and right brachiocephalic veins join to form the superior vena cava which drains directly into the heart
179
Q

superficial veins

A
  • run in the superficial fascia and subcutaneous tissue
  • cephalic vein
  • basilic vein
  • median cubital vein
  • median antebrachial vein
  • drain into deep veins
180
Q

cephalic vein

A
  • drains the back of the hand
  • arises on the posterolateral side of the wrist -> turns to run up the anterior and lateral aspect of the forearm
  • crosses the elbow in front of the lateral epicondyle on the humerus and runs upward along the lateral edge of the biceps brachii -> turns onto the front of the shoulder between the deltoid and pectoralis major muscles
  • empties into the axillary vein
181
Q

basilic vein

A
  • major superficial vein on the medial side of the arm
  • arises on the medial side of the wrist and runs upward along the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle -> crosses the elbow in front of the medial epicondyle of the humerus -> continues proximally between the biceps brachii and brachialis muscles
  • joined by the median cubital vein in the cubital fossa on the anterior aspect of the elbow
  • basilic bein in continuous with the axillary vein, which is joined by the cephalic vein to become the subclavian vein
182
Q

median cubital vein

A
  • large anastomotic channel between the cephalic and basilic veins
  • leaves the cephalic vein just distal to the elbow -> crosses the cubital fossa
  • joins the basilic vein just above the medial epicondyle of the humerus
  • used to draw blood
183
Q

median antebrachial vein

A
  • drains the palm of the hand

- arises on the ventral surface of the wrist and runs straight up the forearm to empty into the median cubital vein

184
Q

upper limb=

A

pectoral girdle + free part

185
Q

pectoral girdle=

A

scapula + clavicle

186
Q

supraglenoid tubercle

A
  • origin of long head of biceps brachii

- bump above the glenoid fossa

187
Q

infraglenoid tubercle

A
  • origin site of the long head of tricep brachii

- below glenoid fossa

188
Q

intertubercular sulcus

A

-tendon of the long head of bicep brachii will pass through here

189
Q

deltoid tuberosity

A

-where the deltoid attaches

190
Q

glenohumeral joint

A
  • humeral head and glenoid fossa
  • articulating surfaces covered in hyaline cartilage
  • tendon of long head of bicep brachii pierces the joint capsule
  • synovial
  • most mobile joint
  • some stability from rotator cuff muscles as well as from ligaments
  • dislocation
191
Q

sternoclavicular joint ligaments

A
  • intercalvicular ligament
  • costoclavicular ligament
  • sternoclavicular ligament
192
Q

acromioclavicular joint ligaments

A
  • acromioclavicular ligament
  • coracoclavicular ligament
  • coracoacromial ligament
193
Q

shoulder dislocation

A

-at the glenohumeral joint

194
Q

shoulder separation

A
  • happens at the acromioclavicular joint

- displacement of the clavicle

195
Q

arm flexors

A
  • anterior part of deltoid
  • pectoralis major
  • biceps brachii
  • coracobrachialis
196
Q

arm extensors

A
  • posterior part of deltoid
  • teres major
  • latissimus dorsi
  • long head of triceps brachii
  • pectoralis major- sternocostal head, but only from a flexed position
197
Q

short head and medial head

A
  • do not cross the shoulder joint -> cannot extend the shoulder
  • long head does -> extends
198
Q

arm abductors

A
  • run medio-laterally, superior to the glenohumeral joint
  • middle part of deltoid
  • inserts on humerus
  • supraspinatus
  • deltoid
199
Q

arm adductors

A
  • run medio-laterally inferior to the glenohumeral joint
  • pectoralis major
  • latissimus dorsi
  • teres major
  • coracobrachialis
  • short head of biceps brachii
200
Q

medial rotators of the arm

A
  • medial rotators wrap around humerus
  • latissimus dorsi
  • teres major
  • subscapularis pectoralis major
201
Q

lateral rotators of the arm

A
  • posteriorly
  • lateral rotators also wrap around humerus
  • teres minor
  • infraspinatus
202
Q

compartment

A

-group of muscles surrounded by a thickened layer of deep fascia

203
Q

anterior compartment of the arm

A
  • biceps brachii
  • coracobrachialis
  • brachialis
  • musculocutaneous nerve
  • flexion
  • brachial artery
204
Q

posterior compartment of the arm

A
  • triceps brachii
  • long head
  • medial head
  • lateral head
  • anconeus
  • radial nerve
  • deep brachial artery
205
Q

carpi=

206
Q

digitorum=

207
Q

profundus=

208
Q

superficialis=

A

superifical

209
Q

brevis=

210
Q

pollicis=

211
Q

minimi=

212
Q

opponens=

A

opposition

213
Q

anterior compartment of forearm

A
  • pronator teres
  • plexor carpi radialis
  • palmaris longus (middle finger)
  • flexor carpi ulnaris (ring finger)
  • middle layer- flexor digitorum superficialis
  • attach to medial epicondyle of humerus
  • flexors
214
Q

deep layer of forearm

A
  • flexor digitorum profundus
  • flexor pollicis longus
  • pronator quadratus
  • flexors except pronator quadratus
215
Q

posterior compartment of forearm

A 
superficial layer
-brachioradialis (exception- flexor)
-extensor carpi radialis longus
-extensor carpi radialis brevis
-extensor digitorum
-extensor digiti minimi
-extensor carpi ulnaris
deep layer
-supinator
-abductor pollicis longus
-extensor pollicis brevis
-extensor pollicis longus
-extensor indicis
-radial nerve
216
Q

anatomical snuffbox

A
  • Border- abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis (lateral border-thumb) and extensor pollicis longus (medial border)
  • contents- radial artery
217
Q

muscles of the hand: ventral

A 
Thenar eminence- thumb
-flexor pollicis brevis
-abductor pollicis brevis
-opponens pollicis (deepest)
Hypothenar eminence- pinky
-flexor digiti minimi brevis
-abductor digiti minimi
-opponens digiti minimi
Lumbricals -4 
Interossei- 7- palmar and dorsal: PAD- palmar adduct DAB- dorsal abduct

ANP 300 (20 decks)

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