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ANP 300 > QUIZ 6 > Flashcards

QUIZ 6 Flashcards

1
Q

components of circulatory system

A
  • blood
  • red bone marrow
  • heart
  • vessels
  • lymphatic system
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2
Q

blood as connective tissue

A
  • connective tissue:
  • cells- various blood cells (RBCS, WBC, macrophages)
  • fluid- water based fluid
  • fibers- dissolved protein fibers (fibrin)
  • ground substance- fluid ground substance -> plasma
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3
Q

blood

A
  • plasma- 55% (volume)
  • H2O- 92% (weight)
  • proteins- 7%
  • electrolytes- 1%
  • cells and cell fragments- 45% (volume) -> red 99%, white .01%, platelets .99% (formed elements)
  • hematocrit- measure of blood cell volume percentage, a common test for anemia
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4
Q

red blood cells

A
  • erythrocytes
  • hemoglobin- protein that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • transports from high oxygenated regions to other parts
  • transports CO2 form high concentration back to lungs
  • formed in hemopoietic marrow (red marrow)
  • destroyed (phagocytized) in liver and spleen
  • spleen stores RBC’s
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5
Q

antigen and antibodies

A
  • antigen- substances capable of stimulating an immune response -> some are bound to cell surface (surface antigens)
  • antibody- proteins that recognize and immobilize a specific antigen -> stimulate an immune response
  • when antibodies bind to erythrocytes surface antigens, this leads to agglutination (clumps of cells that can prevent normal blood circulation and/or cell rupture)
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6
Q

blood types

A
  • receiving blood that isnt your blood type leads to agglutination
  • ABO blood type-
  • type A- specific surface antigen A -> produce anti-B antibodies -> type B binds and causes agglutination
  • type B- surface antigen B -> anti-A antibodies
  • type AB- surface antigens A and B -> they have no anti-A or anti-B -> universal acceptor
  • type O -> neither surface antigen A or B -> produces both anti-A and anti-B antibodies -> universal donor
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7
Q

would we expect agglutination to occur in a type A person who receives a transfusion of type AB blood

A
  • yes

- type A has anti-B antibodies and AB blood has surface antigen B

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8
Q

Rh

A
  • Rh positive- have surface antigen D and no anti-D antibodies
  • Rh negative- have no surface antigen D and no anti-D antibodies (except when this person has be exposed to Rh+ blood previously)
  • if a pregnant persons child is Rh+ and the mother is Rh- -> the blood from the child transfers to the mother
  • if she has another baby her Rh+ can transfer to the baby and cause agglutination -> problem!
  • checked in pregnant mothers
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9
Q

white blood cells

A
  • leukocytes
  • immune response agents
  • defend against pathogens
  • 5 major types
  • leukemia:
  • increased production of leukocytes at expense of erythrocytes and platelets within red bone marrow
  • bone marrow transplant may be prescribed in some cases
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10
Q

platelets

A
  • thrombocytes
  • small irregular cell fragments
  • form clots in combination with dissolved fibrin
  • release clotting agent
  • thrombus- stationary clot in vessel -> can be bad is in pulmonary system
  • embolus- detached clot
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11
Q

heart: pericardium

A
  • outer layer limits movement of heart within thorax
  • outer layer is attached to other organs (diaphragm)
  • outer layer prevents the heart from being over filled with blood
  • outer layer -> fibrous pericardium -> dense connective tissue
  • deeper layer- provides lubrication
  • serous pericardium (inner layer)- 2 layers -> parietal serous membrane (loose connective tissue and epithelium) and visceral serous
  • mediastinum
  • attached to other organs -> diaphragm
  • prevents the heart from being overfilled with blood
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12
Q

pulmonary circulation

A
  • receives deoxygenated blood from the right side of heart -> to lungs
  • CO2 is passed in tissue
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13
Q

systemic cirulation

A
  • oxygenated

- left side of heart -> blood supply to the rest of the organs (systemic cells)

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14
Q

pericarditis

A
  • swelling and irritation of serous membrane and heart
  • sharp pain in heart
  • inner layers of pericardium provide lubrication to prevent this
  • pain is picked up by left arm and heart
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15
Q

fibrous pericardium

A
  • dense connective tissue
  • outer layer of pericardium
  • prevents distention
  • prevents overfilling
  • continuous with the diaphragm and major vessels (inferior vena cava, aorta, esophagus)
  • binds strongly to the inferior vena cava and aorta and esophagus
  • outermost layer of pericardium
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16
Q

serous pericardium

A
  • inner layer of pericardium
  • 2 layers -> parietal serous membrane and visceral serous pericardium (epicardium)
  • a serous membrane is a combination of loose connective tissue and epithelium
  • lines the inner part of the fibrous pericardium (parietal layer) and the outside of the heart (visceral layer)
  • epithelium layer of tissue is pointing inward, facing the space in between the parietal and visceral layers -> produces the serous fluid -> prevents friction between the visceral and parietal layers of serous pericardium
  • lubrication
  • parietal layer- outer layer -> touching the fibrous pericardium
  • visceral layer- surround the heart -> outer layer of the heart wall
  • visceral layer is also known as epicardium
  • areolar connective tissue and fat
  • binds the simple squamous epithelium-> producing the serous fluid
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17
Q

myocardium

A
  • deep to the visceral layer of the serous pericardium
  • cardiac muscles cells
  • deep to visceral layer
  • short, branched cardiac muscles cells
  • striated muscle
  • intercalated discs- electrical junctions
  • open gap junctions
  • ions pass from one cell to another freely -> depolarization of one cell causes continuous flow -> systemic and smooth contraction of heart muscle wall
  • fast and continuous signal
  • cells are shorter, branched, striated, y-shaped
  • thickest part
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18
Q

endocardium

A
  • deepest layer of heart
  • surrounding the atria and ventricles
  • areolar connective tissue and endothelium (simple squamous epithelium)
  • has areolar connective tissue which connects the endothelium to myocardium
  • endothelium layer of the endocardium is simple squamous epithelium
  • continuous with endothelium that lines the blood vessels of the arteries and veins
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19
Q

fibrous skeleton

A
  • connected to myocardium
  • dense connective tissue that reinforces the valves found in between heart chambers
  • serves as electrical insulator between atria and ventricles
  • septum
  • provides support to valves
  • forms a layer in between atrium and ventricles -> prevents the electrical flow from atria to ventricles (electrical insulator)
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20
Q

semilunar vales

A

-between ventricles and arteries

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21
Q

chambers

A
  • atrium receives blood from outside of heart from veins (vena cava and pulmonary veins)
  • ventricles expel blood into arteries
  • ventricles- expel blood into arteries
  • right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from vena cava
  • flows into the right ventricle while relaxed
  • ventricle expels the deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary artery/ circulation
  • pulmonary veins returns oxygenated blood into left atrium
  • flows into the left ventricle to systemic cells via aorta
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22
Q

valves

A
  • atria to ventricle -> cuspid valves (atrioventricular valve)
  • bicuspid on left
  • tricuspid on the right
  • ventricle to artery -> semilunar valves
  • pulmonary semilunar valve on the right
  • aortic semilunar valve on the left
  • semilunar vales have 3 cups
  • valves are flaps of tissue
  • free edges of valves go into the ventricles
  • high pressure in ventricles -> closes the valves and prevents back flow
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23
Q

right atrium

A
  • deoxygenated blood enter the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava
  • walls of atrium are thin (myocardium)
  • less pressure is required
  • fossa ovalis- medial side of atrium wall -> important fetal blood circulation (flap fuses)
  • right atrioventricular valve- tricuspid valve -> goes to right ventricle
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24
Q

right ventricle

A
  • receives blood from right atrium
  • thicker walls
  • 3 major papillary muscles
  • corda tendinae- strings that close the valves when muscle contracts
  • papillary muscles contract and hold the corda tendinae tight -> closes bicuspid
  • semilunar valve opens to the pulmonary semilunar valve
  • trabeculae carneae muscles- in the wall of the right ventricle
  • less thick then the left ventricle
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25
Q

left atrium

A
  • oxygenated blood goes to left atrium via pulmonary vein
  • left and right pulmonary vein
  • thin wall
  • from left atrium to left ventricle -> bicuspid valve
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26
Q

left ventricle

A
  • thick walls
  • trabeculae carnae in muscle wall
  • pumps blood to the aorta via aortic semilunar valve
  • papillary muscles and corda tendinae (string) prevent back flow
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27
Q

cardiac cycle

A
  • defined based on contraction of ventricles
  • atrial systole (ventricular diastole)- atria contract
  • ventricular systole (atrial diastole)- ventricles contract
    1. ventricular diastole- relaxed -> blood flow into atria
    2. passive blood flow from atria to ventricle (80% due to pressure and gravity)
    3. at the end of ventricular diastole (relaxation) -> atria contract -> push last bit of blood into the ventricles -> higher blood pressure in ventricles
    4. ventricular systole- AV valves close -> ventricular contraction -> semilunar valves open
    5. ventricular ejection- blood moves through the semilunar valves into the arteries
    6. ventricles relax and the pressure in the arteries closes the semilunar valves
    7. repeat
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28
Q

systole

A
  • contraction of ventricles
  • closed AV valves
  • open semilunar valves
  • pumps blood into circulation
  • systole- allowing blood to pass into the arties
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29
Q

diastole

A
  • relaxation of ventricles
  • closed semilunar valves
  • open AV valves
  • atrial compression pushing blood from atria into ventricles
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30
Q

lub

A
  • as ventricles compress during systole -> closure of AV valves
  • systolic
  • AV valve close
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31
Q

dup

A

diastolic

  • semilunar valve closure
  • semilunar valves close due to pressure in arteries
  • beginning of diastole
  • relaxation of ventricles
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32
Q

sinoatrial (SA) node

A
  • does not require active neural signaling
  • impulse starts here
  • beginning of impulse
  • contracts atrium
  • superior part of right atrium
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33
Q

atrioventricular (AV) node

A
  • signal from the sinoatrial node
  • must pass here to atrioventricular bundle (lines of transmission)
  • within the cardiac muscle
  • branches to left and right
  • go to purkinje fibers
  • ventricles contract from inferior to superior
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34
Q

epicardium

A
  • visceral layer of the serous pericardium
  • surrounds the heart
  • outer layer of the heart wall
  • areolar connective tissue and fat
  • binds the simple squamous epithelium -> producing the serous fluid
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35
Q

ventricular systole and diastole

A

-measure blood pressure

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36
Q

heart innervation

A
  • dont need signaling to beat
  • sympathetic innervation- via vagus nerve -> increase in heart rate
  • parasympathetic innervation- via cervical sympathetic ganglion (superior in sympathetic chain) -> decrease heart rate
  • cell body is within sympathetic ganglion
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37
Q

coronary circulation

A
  • pressure is too high and fast for heart
  • aorta -> left coronary artery -> anterior interventricular circumflex
  • aorta -> right coronary artery -> marginal posterior interventricular
  • great cardiac vein -> coronary sinus -> right atrium
  • small cardiac vein and middle cardiac vein -> coronary sinus -> right atrium
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38
Q

arteries

A
  • blood pressure
  • away from the heart
  • branches get smaller
  • oxygenated in the systemic system
  • oxygenates the tissues
  • narrower lumen -> higher blood pressure
  • no valves
  • tunica media thickest (middle layer)
  • more elastic
  • elastic arteries (many elastic fibers) -> muscular arteries (more smooth muscle fibers) -> arteriole (< 6 smooth muscle layers)
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39
Q

veins

A
  • adult circulation
  • towards the heart
  • branches get larger
  • deoxygenated in the systemic system
  • larger lumen
  • valves -> prevents back flow
  • required bc lower blood pressure
  • tunica externa thickest (outer layer)
  • less elastic
  • large vein -> medium veins (many valves) -> venule
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40
Q

capillaries

A
  • pulmonary
  • systemic
  • portal systems
  • tiny
  • connect arteries to veins
  • just tunica intima
  • basement membrane of endothelium
  • precapillary sphincters RELAX between arterioles and capillary
  • blood flows into true capillaries
  • nutrients are delivered
  • 5-10 cycles per minute
  • precapillary sphincters CONTRACT
  • blood flows directly into veins
  • no nutrients delivered
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41
Q

layers of arteries and veins

A
  • tunica intima- inner most:
  • endothelium (continuous with internal layer of the heart)
  • elastic tissue (especially for arteries)
  • tunica media- middle layer:
  • smooth muscle- reduce diameter and helps push blood through
  • regulates blood pressure and how much blood is going where
  • tunica externa- outer layer:
  • collagen and elastic fibers
  • nerves and lymphatics
  • vasa vasorum (blood vessels) -> helps oxygen and nutrients move from the artery to the tissues (especially for large arteries)

-these layers are in veins and arteries

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42
Q

blood flow

A

-heart -> artery -> arteriole -> capillary -> venule -> vein -> heart

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43
Q

muscular artery

A

-have more smooth muscle compared to elastic artery (has more elastic)

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44
Q

what type of blood vessel is subjected to the highest blood pressure

A
  • artery
  • left ventricle pumps blood into aorta -> has much thicker wall
  • large arteries are receiving the full pressure from the ventricle contraction
  • pressure decreases from there due to branching
  • specially the elastic arteries
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45
Q

arteriole

A

-< 6 smooth muscle layers

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46
Q

tunica intima of arteries

A
  • endothelium
  • elastic tissue
  • allows for expansion and recoil -> maintain round shape
  • pressure reservoir -> aborb blood flow from the left ventricle of the heart without damage
  • acts with each ventricular diastole (relaxation) to propel blood -> allows for a continuous flow
  • elastic recoil continues to push blood forward during diastole
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47
Q

tunica media of arteries

A
  • smooth muscles
  • affect blood pressure
  • contraction increases blood pressure
  • relaxation to decrease blood pressure -> increases blood to tissue
  • thicker within the arteries
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48
Q

structure of veins

A
  • blood pressure is lower
  • fighting against gravity
  • skeletal muscle pump- staying active -> skeletal muscles surrounding will contract and increase pressure -> blood is pushed towards the heart
  • valves- as blood moves up the vein -> pressure fills up cups in valves -> avoids back flow
  • combination of valves and skeletal muscle pump pushes blood forward and prevents back flow
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49
Q

varicose veins

A
  • some of the fluid is allows to back flow and pool
  • pooling of blood leads to high pressure in the veins
  • pushes plasma and fluid out
  • usually in legs or inferiorly
  • use compression socks
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50
Q

respiratory pump

A
  • area surrounding the veins when there is high pressure -> pushes the blood upwards toward the heart
  • areas where there is low pressure will receive blood
  • action of the diaphragm
  • when diaphragm contracts -> increases the volume of thorax -> reduces the pressure -> low pressure in lungs -> increases pressure in abdomen -> pushes on veins -> pushes on veins in the abdomen towards the thorax
  • diaphragm relaxes -> smaller volume of thorax -> higher pressure in thorax -> low pressure abdomen -> pushes venous blood towards the heart
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51
Q

continuous capillaries

A
  • lung
  • skeletal muscles
  • endothelial cells are touching each other
  • continuous cell membrane
  • gas can pass through but cells cant
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52
Q

fenestrated capillaries

A
  • kidney- filtration
  • intestines- transmission of larger molecule nutrients
  • endocrine glands- hormones pass into blood
  • endothelial cells have holes in them
  • holes allow for the passage of fluid easily
  • larger molecules are dissolved in the fluid
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53
Q

sinusoid (discontinuous) capillaries

A
  • liver
  • spleen- rbcs pass
  • red marrow- blood cells
  • fats and cells are passing through
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54
Q

blood pressure

A
  • brachial artery on inner arm
  • larger arteries have higher blood pressure
  • sphygmomanometer
  • first beats- systolic pressure
  • beats stop- diastolic pressure
  • increase pressure in the sleeve until you cant hear -> stops blood flow
  • 120/80-140/90
  • higher is hypertension -> caused by artherosclerosis
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55
Q

pulmonary circulation

A
  • right ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> lungs
  • gas exchange between alveoli and capillaries
  • pulmonary arteries pass deoxygenated blood to capillary beds of alveoli
  • pulmonary veins bring oxygenated blood to the left atrium
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56
Q

which valve prevents blood in systemic circulation from flowing backwards into the heart

A

-aortic valve

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57
Q

anastamoses

A
  • permit collateral circulation
  • collateral circulation- multiple parallel paths of circulation that start at the same point and end at the same point
  • smaller vessels can merge or go into larger vessels
  • circle of willis
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58
Q

portal systems

A
  • 2 sets of capillaries connected by larger vessels (portal vein)
  • transports products to next region without being distributed by the heart (high concentrations)
  • if a product exists in the first capillary bed it will go to the second capillary bed in high concentration without being distributed anywhere else first
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59
Q

portal systems: hypothalamic-hypophyseal

A
  • hepatic
  • nephronic
  • capillaries in- hypothalamus anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
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60
Q

hepatic portal system

A
  • transmits from the capillaries surrounding digestive system towards the liver
  • filters products that are digested
  • maintains a high concentration of digested product from the digestion system to the liver before going to heart
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61
Q

nephronic portal system

A
  • capillaries in glomerulus and peritubular capillaries

- associated with structures of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

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62
Q

lymphatic system

A
  • takes fluid from the circulatory system that is ejected
  • organ system
  • similar to and intimately associated with the cardiovascular system
  • returns interstitial fluid to blood stream
  • transport products of fat digestion
  • fats arnt filtered
  • filter foreign substances and dead cells from lymph in nodes and from blood in spleen
  • comprise part of immune system
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63
Q

four components of lymphatic system

A
  • lymph
  • lymph vessels
  • lymph organs: nodes, spleen, thymus
  • diffuse patches of lymphatic tissue: tonsils and peyers patches
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64
Q

lymphatics: return interstitial fluid to blood stream

A
  • capillary beds releases the fluid -> interstitial fluid- leaked fluid from capillaries
  • fluid builds up in the tissue surrounding capillary beds
  • no RBCs
  • no platelets
  • there are macrophages (phagocytes
  • there are lymphocytes (various leukocyte derived immune cells)
  • there are dissolved lipids (fat)
  • not the same as plasma
  • thin lymphatic vessels are directly associated and found with the capillary beds
  • lymphatics bring it back to the blood
  • lymphedema- swelling of tissue due to accumulation of interstitial fluid, often the result of lymphatic system blockage
  • treated with compression
65
Q

lymph vessels

A
  • capillary
  • lymphatic vessels
  • lymphatic trunk
  • lymph duct
  • go from the small vessels that merge into larger vessels until the lymph is dumped back to the subclavian arteries
  • capillary -> lymphatic vessels -> lymphatic trunk -> lymph duct -> subclavian veins
  • small -> large
66
Q

lymph vessels: capillary

A
  • smallest
  • larger diameter than the vascular capillary
  • they have closed ends -> no entrance
  • transmit the interstitial fluid from around the soft tissue of the capillary beds
  • intertwined with systemic capillary
  • go from the small vessels that merge into larger vessels until the lymph is dumped back to the subclavian arteries
  • in villi of small intestine -> lacteals
  • fat + lymph = chyle
  • too big to go into vascular capillaries
  • single layer of overlapping endothelial cells that are not totally fused
  • no basement membrane
  • adjacent cells can move apart from one another where they overlap (one way door)
  • high pressure in interstitial space “doors” push in (open) -> pushes interstitial fluid into the lymph capillaries
  • high pressure inside capillary “doors” push out (close) -> fluid retained within lymph capillary
67
Q

lymph vessels

A
  • larger diameter and more structure
  • overlapping endothelial cells
  • walls are thinner than veins
  • contains more valves than veins
  • pass through lymph node
  • afferent vessels (into nodes)
  • efferent vessels (out of node)
  • lymph nodes are strung along the lymph vessels
68
Q

lymphatic drainage

A
  • lymphatic drainage everywhere
  • entire body except:
  • CNS- although evidence of dural lymph drainage (has its drainage)
  • cornea
  • maybe teeth or bone
  • superficial structures- lymph vessel from superficial structures paths of superficial veins (axillary lymph nodes)
  • deep structures (except lungs)- lymph vessels from deep structures follow paths of arteries
  • lymphatic drainage of lungs follow tracheobronchial tree upwards
  • inguinal lymph nodes lie along internal, external and common iliac arteries (deep)
  • lymph nodes typically named for associated artery (deep)
69
Q

which type of blood vessels would a lymphatic vessel draining the scalp likely follow

A

-superficial veins

70
Q

lymphatic trunk

A
  • trunks are paired (one both sides of body)
  • drain major regions of the body
  • jugular- head, neck (travels along jugular vein)
  • subclavian- upper limb, breast (travels along the subclavian vein/artery)
  • bronchomediastinal- thoracic organs
  • intestinal- abdominal organs
  • lumbar- pelvis, lower limb
71
Q

lymph duct

A
  • there are 2
  • *thoracic duct- starts in cistern (intestinal and lumbar merge and drain) -> sometimes the bronchomediastinal
  • travels up to the left side of body
  • drains into the LEFT brachiocephalic vein
  • *right lymphatic duct- merging of the jugular and subclavian (sometimes the bronchomediastinal)
  • 1/3 of body drainage
  • drains into the RIGHT brachiocephalic vein
72
Q

what lymphatic trunk would probably drain lymph from the right cheek

A

-right jugular

73
Q

lymph flow: how does it move forward

A
  • skeletal muscle contractions (like veins) -> increases pressure and valves prevent backflow
  • pulsation of adjacent artery- high pressure arterial flow (cyclical) running next to deep lymph vessels
  • intrinsic smooth muscle
  • overall pretty slow
74
Q

lymph nodes

A
  • filters lymph -> antigens and debris
  • immune response to antigens (tag them)
  • found in clusters so that lymph flows through multiple nodes (axillary lymph nodes)
  • medullary sinus- where lymph flows
  • cortex areas- maturation of immune cells -> fluid slows here and is filtered
  • lymphocytes = leukocytes -> mature here
  • response to antigens -> more lymphocytes and antibodies produced, antibodies bind to, tag, and help destroy antigen displaying cells
  • enlargement of nodes
  • afferent- lymph vessels are are flowing in
  • efferent- lymph vessels are flowing out
75
Q

what direction is lymph flowing through an afferent vessel, relative to a lymph node

A

-into the lymph node

76
Q

valves point

A

in the direction of flow

77
Q

spleen

A
  • largest lymph organ
  • monitors blood for antigens
  • similar to lymph nodes but for blood
  • site of erythrocyte phagocytosis
  • blood cell (formed element) reservoir)
  • erythrocytes reenter circulation when needed (exercise)
  • blood enters
  • filters plasma
  • efferent lymph vessels transmit filtered fluid into lymphatic system
78
Q

thymus

A
  • important at birth -> very important at puberty -> not so important adult
  • site of T-lymphocyte maturation before they are found within the lymph nodes
  • T-lymphocytes recognize antigens and start immune response
  • tag antigens and start immune response
79
Q

diffuse patches of lymphatic tissues

A
  • exposed lymphatic tissue
  • clusters of lymphatic cells not surrounded by connective tissues
  • pharyngeal tonsils- back of nasopharynx
  • palatine tonsils- back of oral cavity
  • lingual tonsils- posterior to tongue
  • filter debris that pass
  • sites where pathogens are collected and produce a immune response
80
Q

peyer patches

A
  • on the walls of small intestine
  • deep to villi
  • found within ileum
  • pathogenic microorganisms digested with food -> tagged and leads an immune response
  • diffuse patch of lymphatic tissue
81
Q

respiratory system

A
  • upper respiratory system: nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx
  • lower respiratory system: larynx, trachea, respiratory tree, lungs and pleura
  • muscles of respiration
82
Q

functions of respiratory system

A
  • gas exchange
  • gas conditioning- maintaining moisture and temperature
  • sounds production
  • olfaction- bring gas towards olfactory neurons
  • defense
83
Q

upper respiratory system

A

-nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx

-

84
Q

nasal cavity functions

A
  • gas exchange- nasal breathing
  • gas conditioning- epithelial layer is covered in mucous (moisture) and capillaries (heat)
  • sound production- a resonance chamber for speech
  • olfaction- turbulence brings odorants to olfactory epithelium
  • defense- hairs and mucous trap particles and organisms
85
Q

nasal cavity bones and paranasal sinuses

A
  • bone- nasal, vomer, inferior nasal concha, lacrimal, palatine
  • bones with sinuses- frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxilla
  • paranasal sinuses:
  • connected to nasal cavity
  • lined with nasal epithelium
  • common site of infection
  • no known function
86
Q

pharynx

A
  • nasopharynx- behind pharynx -> respiratory
  • oropharynx- behind oral cavity -> respiratory and digestive
  • laryngopharynx- behind larynx -> digestive
  • auditory tube- pressure in ears
  • soft palate- swings up and prevents fluid and bolus from being passed into the pharynx
  • epiglottis- cartilaginous, prevents food from going into respiratory
  • palataglossus- elevates tongue
  • palatapharygeus- elevates larynx and pharynx
87
Q

pharyngeal epithelium

A
  • cilia- can help sweep trapped particles in the mucous towards nasal aperture (away from pharynx)
  • stratified squamous epithelium multiple layers of cells ready to replace outer layer if it is lost
  • nasopharynx- pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
  • oro- and laryngopharynx- non-keritanized stratified squamous epithelium
  • goblet cells- produce mucous
88
Q

given what you know about epithelium which portion(s) of the pharynx are covered in stratified squamous epithelium

A
  • laryngopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • associated with digestion so the scraping of food can tear away at layers of cells
89
Q

wall muscles of pharynx

A
  • constrict in sequence to force bolus of food into esophagus
  • superior constrictor
  • middle constrictor
  • inferior constrictor
  • constrict from superior to inferior
  • palatopharyngeus- swallowing muscle
90
Q

nasal choanae

A

-nasal cavity opening

91
Q

laryngeal inlet

A

-where air will move from the respiratory system into the larynx into the lower respiratory system

92
Q

trachea

A

-transmits air to lungs

93
Q

larynx

A
  • cartilages
  • unpaired- 3:
  • thyroid cartilage- largest
  • cricoid cartilage
  • epiglottis- flap that covers laryngeal inlet
  • paired cartilages:
  • cuneiform- found in ligaments and soft tissue between epiglottis and other cartilages
  • arytenoid- largest of paired, critical for speech and sound, attached to vocal cords
  • corniculate- binds to ligaments and muscles for speech
  • pivoting of paired cartilages leads to opening or closing of vocal folds
94
Q

vocal folds

A
  • rima glottidis- area between vocal folds -> Changes pitch
  • vocal folds are epithelium covered ligaments that connect the thyroid and the arytenoid cartilages
  • vibrate -> sound
  • arytenoid and corniculate rotated towards midline (adduction) -> closing of vocal folds
  • lateral abduction -of arytenoid and corniculate> opening of vocal folds
  • increase tension of vocal cords (or smaller larynx) -> higher pitch
  • decrease tension of vocal cords (larger larynx) -> lower pitch
95
Q

cricothyroid muscle

A
  • connects the cricoid cartilage thyroid cartilage
  • elongates
  • increase tension of the vocal cords
  • pulls thyroid cartilage towards the cricoid
96
Q

thyroarytenoid

A
  • decreases tension

- relaxes vocal cords

97
Q

arytenoideus

A
  • pulls medially
  • adducts
  • closing vocal folds
98
Q

lateral cricoarytenoid

A
  • rotates
  • adduction
  • closing vocal folds
99
Q

posterior cricoarytenoid

A
  • abducts
  • opening vocal folds
  • rotates
100
Q

trachea

A
  • series of C-shaped cartilages
  • trachealis- smooth muscle posteriorly
  • sympathetic- relaxation of trachealis
  • parasympathetic- constriction of trachealis
101
Q

tracheotomy

A
  • incision is made superior to suprasternal notch
  • thyroid may have to be cut as well
  • incision from cricoid cartilage
102
Q

respiratory (bronchial) tree

A
  • 3 structural divisions:
  • bronchus: cartilage, muscle, glands
  • bronchiole: no cartilage, has smooth muscle, no glands
  • alveolar: no cartilage, no muscle, no glands
  • bronchus and bronchiole -> conduction
  • alveolar -> respiration
103
Q

bronchi and trachea

A
  • have epithelial tissue that contain goblet cells

- goblet cells secrete fluid to resist debris

104
Q

bronchus and bronchiole

A

conduction

105
Q

path of air flow

A

-primary bronchus (one for each lung) -> secondary bronchus (lobar bronchus) -> 3 right and 2 left -> tertiary bronchus (segmental bronchus) -> 10 right and 8-10 left -> bronchiole -> terminal bronchiole (respiratory bronchiole) -> alveolar duct -> alveolus

106
Q

heart is more on left

A

-left lung is smaller

107
Q

bronchogram

A
  • shows fluid in bronchi
  • inflammation
  • airways become visible in x-ray when they are filled with something other than air
108
Q

asthma

A
  • in the bronchioles
  • in response to stress or environment
  • treated with coricosteriods
  • diamters reduce in diameter (not nervous system related)
  • inflammatory response
  • layers that are deep to smooth muscle lining of bronchioles
  • submucosa layer increases
  • mucousa epithelium increase -> prevents airflow
  • albuterol is used during an emergency
109
Q

sympathetic

A
  • relaxation of bronchus and bronchioles
  • bc these have smooth muscle
  • and trachea?
110
Q

parasympathetic

A
  • constriction of bronchus and bronchioles
  • bc these has smooth muscle
  • and trachea?
111
Q

terminal bronchioles

A
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • end in alveolar clusters
  • has smooth muscles
  • no cartilage
  • parallel to the arterial system
112
Q

alveolus

A
  • air is brought into alveoli through the alveolar duct
  • but the alveoli are continuous and are also connected to each other
  • no cartilage, no muscle, no glands
  • surrounded by capillary beds
  • 3 cells types
  • macrophages are present- phagocytosis of debris
  • RBC’s are present
113
Q

alveolar type 1 cells

A
  • squamous
  • epithelial cell
  • allow gas exchange
114
Q

alveolar type 2 cells

A
  • septal cell

- produce surfactant (protective fluid) -> moisture on cells so they dont stick

115
Q

gas exchange

A
  • alveoli are pressed up against the capillary squamous epithelial cells (endothelial)
  • thin basement membranes and cell walls -> allow for gas exchange
116
Q

pneumonia

A
  • fluid in lung
  • infection
  • leukocytes are present bc of infection and fluid
  • prevents gas exchange
  • treated with antibiotics
117
Q

right lung

A
  • 3 lobes
  • 3 fissures
  • superior, middle and inferior lobes
  • oblique fissure- between superior and middle
  • horizontal fissure- between middle and inferior
  • esophagus, brachiocephalic vein
118
Q

left lung

A
  • 2 lobes
  • 1 fissure
  • oblique fissure
  • superior and inferior lobes
  • cardiac impression- aorta, cardiac notch, subclavian artery, lingula
119
Q

pleura

A
  • surround the lungs
  • double layered tissue
  • in between the pleura cavity is filled with the pleural fluid
  • parietal layer is touching the connective tissue (outer layer)
  • visceral pleura are touching the lung tissue itself (inner layer)
  • serous membrane
  • epithelial (produces the fluid) and connective tissue
  • lowers the friction
  • maintains surface tension
120
Q

inspiration

A
  • diaphragm contracts
  • increase vertical volume
  • pressure decreases
  • air rushes in
  • pushes down on abdomen
  • nerve impulse
  • external intercostals are involved
121
Q

expiration

A
  • diaphragm relaxes
  • decreases vertical volume
  • pressure increases
  • air rushes out
  • pushes back up into a dome
  • passive (no impulse or contraction)
122
Q

forced inhalation

A
  • external intercostals
  • SCM- sternoclanomastoid
  • scalenes
  • pectoralis minor
  • elevates ribs
  • lateral dimension increased
123
Q

forced exhalation

A
  • internal intercostals
  • abdominal muscles
  • ribs depressed
  • lateral dimension decreased
  • not passive
124
Q

innervation of respiratory system

A
  • trachea and respiratory tree- autonomic (symp and parasymp)
  • pulmonary arteries- autonomic (symp and parasymp)
  • inhalation and exhalation- voluntary muscles (somatic motor) but rhythm is under unconscious control (brainstem)
  • unconscious breathing through somatic motor -> unconscious bc it picks up information from
  • receive signals from carotid arteries (innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve) -> pick up amount of O2 in blood
  • information from lungs
  • information from receptors
125
Q

bronchodilation

A

-sympathetic (synapse at paravertebral)

126
Q

bronchoconstriction

A

-parasympathetic (vagus)

127
Q

mechanism of breathing

A
  • rhythmic neural stimulation from respiratory centers in brain stem
  • respiratory center for inhalation always active (neural stimulation)
  • respiratory center for exhalation only active during forceful exhalation (normally passive)
  • neural stimulation is absent for passive exhalation
128
Q

respiratory centers

A

respiratory centers in medulla oblongata and pons

129
Q

diaphragm innervation

A

phrenic (C3-C5)

130
Q

regulation of respiratory centers

A
  • chemoreceptors of carotid bodies (CN IX)
  • aortic bodies (CN X)
  • unconscious increase in speed of respiration
  • chemoreceptors- detect O2, CO2 levels
  • limited voluntary control
131
Q

function of digestive system

A
  • ingestion
  • digestion- mechanical and chemical
  • absorption- vascular capillaries and lacteals (lymphatic capillaries)
  • elimination
132
Q

GI tract

A
  • oral cavity
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • intestines
  • where food moves through a single tube
133
Q

accessory organs of digestion

A
  • salivary glands
  • enzymes that break down food
  • teeth
  • tongue
  • liver- filter and produce fluid for chemical breakdown
  • gal bladder- produce fluid for chemical breakdown
  • pancreas- produce fluid for chemical breakdown
134
Q

oral cavity

A
  • salivary glands
  • ingestion and mastication
  • enzyme
  • part of GI tract
  • palate at top
  • tongue
  • bony alveolus
  • vestibule between lips and cheek
  • palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arch -> swallowing
  • palatine tonsil
  • fauces- opening between the oral cavity and oral pharynx
  • uvula
135
Q

oral cavity, pharynx and esophagus

A

swallow

136
Q

stomach

A

digestion

137
Q

small intestine

A

digestion and absorption

138
Q

liver, gallbladder and pancreas

A

-enzymes

139
Q

large intestine

A

absorption and storage

140
Q

mastication

A
  • mechanical digestion
  • orbicular oris- CN VII
  • buccinator- CN VII
  • masseter- CN V3
  • medial pterygoid- CN V3
  • temporalis- CN V3
  • lateral pterygoid- lateral depression of jaw -> CN V3
  • produces a bolis
141
Q

muscles of tongue

A
  • palatoglossus- upward movement- CN X
  • genioglossus- CN XII
  • hypoglossus- backward and inferiorly- CN XII
  • intrinsic muscles- longitudinal and transverse- CN XII
  • styloglossus- CN XII
  • creates the bolus
  • fibers run longitudinal and transverse
142
Q

taste

A
  • CN IX- posterior 1/3- glossopharyngeal

- CN VII- anterior 2/3 - facial (chorda tympani)

143
Q

sensation

A
  • CN IX- posterior 1/3- glossopharyngeal

- CN V3- anterior 2/3- trigeminal mandibular division

144
Q

teeth

A
  • 2 incisor- I1 and I2
  • canine- C
  • 2 premolars- bicuspids -> P3 and P4
  • 3 molars- tricuspids -> M1, M2, M3
  • numbered from medial to lateral
145
Q

dentition

A
  • crown morphology reflects function but all teeth have the same basic structure
  • between root and crown is the neck
  • enamel- mineralization
  • dentine
  • pulp- center of tooth
  • cementum- ligaments that bind the teeth to the bone
  • canal within the root- vascularizes
146
Q

salivary glands

A
  • maintain moisture
  • chemical digestion- enzymes
  • mucus glands- mucin mixes with water to make mucus
  • serous glands- watery fluid with digestive enzymes
  • there are 3:
  • submandibular gland- serous, mucus, CN VII, 60-70%
  • parotid gland- serous, CN IX, 25-30%
  • sublingual- serous, mucus, CN VII, 3-5%
147
Q

swallowing

A
  • starts in oral cavity
  • extrinsic and intrinsic muscles voluntary swallow
  • pharyngeal phase- (involuntary) soft palate will automatically rise to prevent bolus from going into nasopharynx, epiglottis moves down and over the opening to the larynx -> bolus enters the esophagus
  • esophageal phase- (involuntary) peristaltic contractions push the bolus downward
148
Q

pharnyx

A
  • superior, middle, and inferior muscles
  • skeletal muscle
  • posterior to the oral pharynx
  • covered in epithelium and connective tissue
  • pharyngeal constrictor muscles constrict wall of pharynx during swallowing
149
Q

esophagus

A
  • wave like smooth muscle contractions
  • push bolus towards stomach
  • long- from neck, behind trachea, through a hiatus in the diaphragm, into the abdomen
  • stratified squamous lines the esophageal walls
150
Q

esophageal hiatus

A

-opening in posterior diaphragm that allows esophagus into abdomen

151
Q

cardiac sphincter

A
  • thickened ring of circular smooth muscles at inferior end of esophagus
  • contracts to make sure stomach fluid doesnt back flow into esophagus
152
Q

cardiac orifice

A

-connection between esophagus and stomach

153
Q

barret esophagus

A

-simple columnar cells

154
Q

simple columnar

A
  • found in people with GERD
  • gastoesophageal reflux disease
  • stomach has simple columnar too
155
Q

components of the digestive system tubes

A
  • mucosa: epithelium, lamina propria (connective, muscularis mucosae (muscle)
  • muscularis mucosae- increase the SA bc of folds
  • submucosa
  • muscularis externa: internal circular and external longitudinal
  • adventitia or serosa: advenitia (connective) and peritoneum (serous membrane)
156
Q

epithelium of mucosa

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium: mouth, oropharynx, larynhopharynx, esophagus, anal canal
  • simple columnar: stomach, small and large intestine
157
Q

muscularis externa

A
  • usually 2 layers
  • internal circular
  • external longitudinal
  • smooth muscle fibers except for:
  • skeletal muscle in oral cavity, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, upper portion esophagus, and external anal sphincter
  • innermost oblique layer (unique third muscle layer)- in stomach
158
Q

outermost layer

A
  • adventitia (connective tissue)
  • serosa (adventitia with epithelial layer -> forms the peritoneum)
  • above the diaphragm- adventitia
  • below diaphragm: intraperitoneal (all serosa) and retroperitoneal (posterior to peritoneal -> mostly adventita)
159
Q

peritoneum

A
  • a serous membrane
  • parietal layer (outer)
  • peritoneal cavity
  • visceral layer (inner)

ANP 300 (20 decks)

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