Quiz 2 Flashcards
cranial sutures
- fibrous joints between skull bones
- coronal suture
- sagittal suture
- lambdoid suture
- squamous suture
- metopic suture
craniosynostrosis
- premature fusion of suture leads to craniofacial dysmorphology
- categorized by which suture is fused
- brain keeps growing
- high intercranial pressure
- shunt needed
- if sagittal suture -> skull expands more than usually anteriorly and posteriorly
cranial base
- vomer
- sphenoid
- temporal (petrous)
- occipital
- ethmoid
- bony features that connect the skull to the spine and provide structural support for the brain and face
- endochondral ossified
- support the weight
- foramen magnum
facial bones
- temporal (zygomatic process)
- zygomatic
- maxilla
- maxilla
- mandible
- sphenoid
- lacrimal
- nasal
- frontal
- palatine
le fort fractures
- face fractures
- 3 types
- stereotypical locations
1. when people fall, car accident, physical accident- fracture across the upper jaw
2. goes through the orbit
3. facial skeleton is separating from the cranial base -> fracture line across the eyes
which portions of the skull are found adjacent to the brain
- cranial vault
- cranial base
transverse and spinous processes
muscle attachment
body
supporting weight
vertebral column
- cervical - neck
- thoracic - ribs attach
- lumbar - lower back
- sacrum - pelvis
- coccyx - tail bone
hyper-kyphosis
- exaggerated posterior curvature of thoracic spine
- convex portion of the curve is curving posteriorly
- hunchback
scoliosis
- lateral curvature
- usually thoracic
- pathological
hyper-lordosis
- exaggerated curvature of the lower back
- concave portion of lower back is curing anteriorly
- common during pregnancy bc of extra weight
- lumbar region
ribs
12 ribs
- 1-7- true ribs: during development each of these ribs has its own costal cartilage that attaches to the sternum
- 8-12- false: if they have costal cartilage it will connect to another costal cartilage before connecting to the sternum
- 11-12- floating ribs: no costal cartilage or attachment
costal cartilage
-attaches the medial ends of the ribs to the sternum
articulation of ribs
- tubercle/neck of rib articulates with transverse process of the lower vertebrae
- connects at what looks like in between two vertebrae
sternum
- manubrium: articulates with clavicle (only articulating between axial and appendicular)
- sternal body
- xiphoid process
upper limbs
- pectoral girdle
- arm
- forearm
- manus
lower limbs
- pelvic girdle
- thigh
- leg
- pes
forearm
homologous to leg
manus
homologous to pes
arm
homologous to thigh
pectoral girdle
- mobile -> range of motion for upper arms
- clavicle
- scapula
clavicle
- sternoclavicular joint - sternum and clavicle
- acromioclavicular joint - acromion process of the scapula and clavicle
sternoclavicular joint
- ligaments of the joint:
- costoclavicular- between clavicle and first rib
- sternoclavicular - surrounds the joint; between clavicle and sternum
- interclavicular- between two sternoclavicular joints
- synovial joint*
- synovial fluid
- two areas with a cartilaginous disc in between with synovial fluid
acromioclavicular joint
- ligaments of the joints
- acromioclavicular- between the clavicle and the acromion process
- coracoclavicular- holds the clavicle down; between clavicle and coracoid process
- coracoid process
- acromion process
shoulder separation
- occurs at acromioclavicular joint
- clavicle overrides acromion
- nothing is holding down the clavicle due to tear in acromioclavicular ligament
scapula
- glenoid fossa- lateral- head of humerus articulates here
- acromion
- axillary border
- coracoid process- major site of muscle and ligament attachment (anterior)
- spine- shoulder blade
- floating within layer of muscle -> allows for more range of movement
- no attachment
movement of scapulae
- sliding- abduction -> protraction
- sliding- adduction -> retraction
- rotation- when you move you arm up the scapula rotates laterally (superior); when you move your arm behind you the scapula is rotating medially
- sliding- elevation and depression -> shrugging shoulders
arm
- between elbow and shoulder
- mobility
- humerus
humerus
- lesser tubercle
- head articulates with glenoid fossa of scapula
- greater tubercle
- medial epicondyl
- trochlea
- capitulum
- articulates with ulna at elbow posteriorly
glenohumeral joint
- articulation of humerus and glenoid fossa of scapula
- glenohumeral ligament
elbow joint
- radius (lateral side)
- ulna (medial side)
- both articulate with humerus
- olecranon process (part of the ulna) goes into the olecranon fossa posteriorly
- olecranon process is the pointy part of your elbow
- ulna articulates strongly - locked in place - flexion & extension
- radius is circular -> rotation
radius and ulna
- radius is lateral
- ulna medial
- ulna is responsible for flexion and extension
- radius is responsible for rotation
- connected by interosseous membrane
supination and pronation
- rotation thanks to circular radial head moving at the radiohumeral and radioulnar joint surfaces
- radius rotates over the ulna
- ulna stays in place
radiolulnar joint
-between radius and ulna
interosseous membrane
- connects the radius and ulna
- tissue
- helpful for rotation
manus
- hand and wrist
- mobility
- carpal bones
- metacarpals
- phalanges
- pollex
- fingers
carpal bones
- 8 bones
- irregular shape
- wrist bones
- some articulate with metacarpals or ulna/radius
- 4 of the them flexor retinaculum (ligament) -> medial and lateral sides
- scaphoid
- trapezium
- pisiform
- hamate
carpal tunnel
- flexor retinaculum forms the carpel tunnel space that tendons of the hand flexors pass through
- formed by the cupping of the carpals and flexor retinaculum that goes between 4 of the carpals
- tendons that attach the hand flexor muscles to the muscle bodies of the forearm are being affected -> numbness, weakness
- presents as numbness, pain, and/or muscle weakness in hands
- in severe cases, cutting the flexor retinaculum may be necessary to prevent muscular atrophy caused by compression of median nerve
- pressure on median nerve
which bones does the radius share a joint with
- ulna
- humerus
- carpels
pelvic girdle
- stability
- sacrum coccyx
- os coxae
os coxae
- 2 (left and right)
- articulates with femur
- acetabulum surface articulates
- oracular surface
- 3 portions that develop independently (primary ossification centers are separate):
- ilium crest
- ischium
- pubis- pubic area
- each of these meet at the acetabulum
ischial tuberosity
-what we sit on
pubis
- pubic symphysis joint -> two pubic bones join
- anterior medially
- one of the three parts of the os coxae
thigh
- stability
- mobility
- femur
- patella
femur
- curved -> lateral to medial
- bicondylar angle
- adaptation to keep a center of gravity
patella
- knee joint
- in ligaments of quadriceps femoris
- slides over to allow muscle use
- sesamoid
leg
- stability
- mobility
- tibia
- fibula
- below knee
tibia and fibia
- no rotation
- interosseous membrane
pes
- stability
- mobility
- foot and ankle
- tarsal bones
- metatarsals
- phalanges
- hallux (big toe)
- toes
tarsal articulation
- talus articulates mostly with tibia joint (also fibia)
- dorsiflexion
- plantar flexion
longitudinal arch
- arch from posterior to anterior
- as you walk -> heel strike and toe off
transverse arch
medial to lateral
- lateral side is in more contact with ground
- heel strike -> stance phase -> toe off
dipedality
supported by
- foramen magnum
- foot morphology
- bicondylar angle
axial skeleton
- function:
- framework and protection of viscera
- special sense organs
- central nervous system
- hemopoietic tissue
- attachment for muscles
skull
- cranium - cranial nerves
- mandible
- teeth
thoracic cage
- ribs
- costal cartilages
- sternum
cranial bones
- parietal
- frontal
- temporal
- occipital
- ethmoid
- sphenoid
cranial vault bones
- encloses the brain
- protects brain
- parietal (left & right)
- frontal
- temporal (squamous)
- sphenoid
- occipital
fontanelle
- wide fibrous
- at suture intersection
- allows for further brain/skull growth
- soft spots
- sphenoid fontanelle
- anterior fontanelle
- posterior fontanelle
- mastoid fontanelle