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ANP 300 > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

cranial sutures

A
  • fibrous joints between skull bones
  • coronal suture
  • sagittal suture
  • lambdoid suture
  • squamous suture
  • metopic suture
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2
Q

craniosynostrosis

A
  • premature fusion of suture leads to craniofacial dysmorphology
  • categorized by which suture is fused
  • brain keeps growing
  • high intercranial pressure
  • shunt needed
  • if sagittal suture -> skull expands more than usually anteriorly and posteriorly
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3
Q

cranial base

A
  • vomer
  • sphenoid
  • temporal (petrous)
  • occipital
  • ethmoid
  • bony features that connect the skull to the spine and provide structural support for the brain and face
  • endochondral ossified
  • support the weight
  • foramen magnum
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4
Q

facial bones

A
  • temporal (zygomatic process)
  • zygomatic
  • maxilla
  • maxilla
  • mandible
  • sphenoid
  • lacrimal
  • nasal
  • frontal
  • palatine
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5
Q

le fort fractures

A
  • face fractures
  • 3 types
  • stereotypical locations
    1. when people fall, car accident, physical accident- fracture across the upper jaw
    2. goes through the orbit
    3. facial skeleton is separating from the cranial base -> fracture line across the eyes
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6
Q

which portions of the skull are found adjacent to the brain

A
  • cranial vault

- cranial base

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7
Q

transverse and spinous processes

A

muscle attachment

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8
Q

body

A

supporting weight

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9
Q

vertebral column

A
  • cervical - neck
  • thoracic - ribs attach
  • lumbar - lower back
  • sacrum - pelvis
  • coccyx - tail bone
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10
Q

hyper-kyphosis

A
  • exaggerated posterior curvature of thoracic spine
  • convex portion of the curve is curving posteriorly
  • hunchback
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11
Q

scoliosis

A
  • lateral curvature
  • usually thoracic
  • pathological
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12
Q

hyper-lordosis

A
  • exaggerated curvature of the lower back
  • concave portion of lower back is curing anteriorly
  • common during pregnancy bc of extra weight
  • lumbar region
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13
Q

ribs

A

12 ribs

  • 1-7- true ribs: during development each of these ribs has its own costal cartilage that attaches to the sternum
  • 8-12- false: if they have costal cartilage it will connect to another costal cartilage before connecting to the sternum
  • 11-12- floating ribs: no costal cartilage or attachment
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14
Q

costal cartilage

A

-attaches the medial ends of the ribs to the sternum

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15
Q

articulation of ribs

A
  • tubercle/neck of rib articulates with transverse process of the lower vertebrae
  • connects at what looks like in between two vertebrae
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16
Q

sternum

A
  • manubrium: articulates with clavicle (only articulating between axial and appendicular)
  • sternal body
  • xiphoid process
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17
Q

upper limbs

A
  • pectoral girdle
  • arm
  • forearm
  • manus
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18
Q

lower limbs

A
  • pelvic girdle
  • thigh
  • leg
  • pes
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19
Q

forearm

A

homologous to leg

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20
Q

manus

A

homologous to pes

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21
Q

arm

A

homologous to thigh

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22
Q

pectoral girdle

A
  • mobile -> range of motion for upper arms
  • clavicle
  • scapula
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23
Q

clavicle

A
  • sternoclavicular joint - sternum and clavicle

- acromioclavicular joint - acromion process of the scapula and clavicle

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24
Q

sternoclavicular joint

A
  • ligaments of the joint:
  • costoclavicular- between clavicle and first rib
  • sternoclavicular - surrounds the joint; between clavicle and sternum
  • interclavicular- between two sternoclavicular joints
  • synovial joint*
  • synovial fluid
  • two areas with a cartilaginous disc in between with synovial fluid
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25
Q

acromioclavicular joint

A
  • ligaments of the joints
  • acromioclavicular- between the clavicle and the acromion process
  • coracoclavicular- holds the clavicle down; between clavicle and coracoid process
  • coracoid process
  • acromion process
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26
Q

shoulder separation

A
  • occurs at acromioclavicular joint
  • clavicle overrides acromion
  • nothing is holding down the clavicle due to tear in acromioclavicular ligament
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27
Q

scapula

A
  • glenoid fossa- lateral- head of humerus articulates here
  • acromion
  • axillary border
  • coracoid process- major site of muscle and ligament attachment (anterior)
  • spine- shoulder blade
  • floating within layer of muscle -> allows for more range of movement
  • no attachment
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28
Q

movement of scapulae

A
  • sliding- abduction -> protraction
  • sliding- adduction -> retraction
  • rotation- when you move you arm up the scapula rotates laterally (superior); when you move your arm behind you the scapula is rotating medially
  • sliding- elevation and depression -> shrugging shoulders
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29
Q

arm

A
  • between elbow and shoulder
  • mobility
  • humerus
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30
Q

humerus

A
  • lesser tubercle
  • head articulates with glenoid fossa of scapula
  • greater tubercle
  • medial epicondyl
  • trochlea
  • capitulum
  • articulates with ulna at elbow posteriorly
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31
Q

glenohumeral joint

A
  • articulation of humerus and glenoid fossa of scapula

- glenohumeral ligament

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32
Q

elbow joint

A
  • radius (lateral side)
  • ulna (medial side)
  • both articulate with humerus
  • olecranon process (part of the ulna) goes into the olecranon fossa posteriorly
  • olecranon process is the pointy part of your elbow
  • ulna articulates strongly - locked in place - flexion & extension
  • radius is circular -> rotation
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33
Q

radius and ulna

A
  • radius is lateral
  • ulna medial
  • ulna is responsible for flexion and extension
  • radius is responsible for rotation
  • connected by interosseous membrane
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34
Q

supination and pronation

A
  • rotation thanks to circular radial head moving at the radiohumeral and radioulnar joint surfaces
  • radius rotates over the ulna
  • ulna stays in place
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35
Q

radiolulnar joint

A

-between radius and ulna

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36
Q

interosseous membrane

A
  • connects the radius and ulna
  • tissue
  • helpful for rotation
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37
Q

manus

A
  • hand and wrist
  • mobility
  • carpal bones
  • metacarpals
  • phalanges
  • pollex
  • fingers
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38
Q

carpal bones

A
  • 8 bones
  • irregular shape
  • wrist bones
  • some articulate with metacarpals or ulna/radius
  • 4 of the them flexor retinaculum (ligament) -> medial and lateral sides
  • scaphoid
  • trapezium
  • pisiform
  • hamate
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39
Q

carpal tunnel

A
  • flexor retinaculum forms the carpel tunnel space that tendons of the hand flexors pass through
  • formed by the cupping of the carpals and flexor retinaculum that goes between 4 of the carpals
  • tendons that attach the hand flexor muscles to the muscle bodies of the forearm are being affected -> numbness, weakness
  • presents as numbness, pain, and/or muscle weakness in hands
  • in severe cases, cutting the flexor retinaculum may be necessary to prevent muscular atrophy caused by compression of median nerve
  • pressure on median nerve
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40
Q

which bones does the radius share a joint with

A
  • ulna
  • humerus
  • carpels
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41
Q

pelvic girdle

A
  • stability
  • sacrum coccyx
  • os coxae
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42
Q

os coxae

A
  • 2 (left and right)
  • articulates with femur
  • acetabulum surface articulates
  • oracular surface
  • 3 portions that develop independently (primary ossification centers are separate):
  • ilium crest
  • ischium
  • pubis- pubic area
  • each of these meet at the acetabulum
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43
Q

ischial tuberosity

A

-what we sit on

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44
Q

pubis

A
  • pubic symphysis joint -> two pubic bones join
  • anterior medially
  • one of the three parts of the os coxae
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45
Q

thigh

A
  • stability
  • mobility
  • femur
  • patella
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46
Q

femur

A
  • curved -> lateral to medial
  • bicondylar angle
  • adaptation to keep a center of gravity
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47
Q

patella

A
  • knee joint
  • in ligaments of quadriceps femoris
  • slides over to allow muscle use
  • sesamoid
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48
Q

leg

A
  • stability
  • mobility
  • tibia
  • fibula
  • below knee
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49
Q

tibia and fibia

A
  • no rotation

- interosseous membrane

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50
Q

pes

A
  • stability
  • mobility
  • foot and ankle
  • tarsal bones
  • metatarsals
  • phalanges
  • hallux (big toe)
  • toes
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51
Q

tarsal articulation

A
  • talus articulates mostly with tibia joint (also fibia)
  • dorsiflexion
  • plantar flexion
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52
Q

longitudinal arch

A
  • arch from posterior to anterior

- as you walk -> heel strike and toe off

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53
Q

transverse arch

A

medial to lateral

  • lateral side is in more contact with ground
  • heel strike -> stance phase -> toe off
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54
Q

dipedality

A

supported by

  • foramen magnum
  • foot morphology
  • bicondylar angle
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55
Q

axial skeleton

A
  • function:
  • framework and protection of viscera
  • special sense organs
  • central nervous system
  • hemopoietic tissue
  • attachment for muscles
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56
Q

skull

A
  • cranium - cranial nerves
  • mandible
  • teeth
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57
Q

thoracic cage

A
  • ribs
  • costal cartilages
  • sternum
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58
Q

cranial bones

A
  • parietal
  • frontal
  • temporal
  • occipital
  • ethmoid
  • sphenoid
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59
Q

cranial vault bones

A
  • encloses the brain
  • protects brain
  • parietal (left & right)
  • frontal
  • temporal (squamous)
  • sphenoid
  • occipital
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60
Q

fontanelle

A
  • wide fibrous
  • at suture intersection
  • allows for further brain/skull growth
  • soft spots
  • sphenoid fontanelle
  • anterior fontanelle
  • posterior fontanelle
  • mastoid fontanelle
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61
Q

anterior fontanelle

A
  • found at the intersection of the coronal suture and sagittal suture
  • right in the top middle
62
Q

skull and vertebrae attachment

A
  • atlas articulates with occipital condyles

- foramen magnum- spinal cord passes through

63
Q

articulation at the elbow

A
  • radius head x capitulum
  • olecranon process in the olecranon fossa x trochlea
  • radius head x ulna
64
Q

calcaneus

65
Q

joints

A
  • articulations
  • points of connection
  • movement between different skeleton elements
  • teeth
  • sutures
  • interosseous membrane
  • synovial joints
  • costal cartilage
  • bone to bone
  • bone to cartilage
  • bone to teeth
66
Q

joint classification: structure

A
  • fibrous- dense fibrous connective tissue (can be regular or irregular)
  • cartilaginous- cartilage between two bone (hyaline or fibrocartilage)
  • synovial- fluid-filled joint cavity (surrounded by dense fibrous tissue)
67
Q

joint classification: function

A
  • synarthrotic- immobile
  • amphiarthrotic- slightly mobile (bend, compression, twist)
  • diarthrotic- freely mobile
68
Q

mobility/stability

A
  • synarthrotic tend to be fibrous
  • amphiarthrotic tend to be cartilaginous
  • diarthrotic tend to by synovial
  • not definite!!!
  • less movement means more stability (general coorelation)
69
Q

what function classification is the pubic symphysis

A
  • amphiarthrotic
  • slight movement -> giving birth
  • cartilaginous joint
70
Q

synarthrotic: fibrous

A
  • no movement
  • interlaced bone fronts
  • sutures
  • gomphosis (teeth)
  • fibrous connective tissues
71
Q

amphiarthotic: fibrous

A
  • interosseous membrane
  • between radius and ulna
  • allows rotation and connects radius and ulna
72
Q

synarthrotic: cartilaginous

A
  • costochondral joints
  • joint between first rib and sternum -> costal cartilage
  • epiphyseal plate -> hyaline cartilage
  • synchondroses (hyaline)
73
Q

amphiarthrotic: cartilaginous

A
  • symphyses
  • fibrocartilage
  • pubic symphysis
  • intervertebral discs/joint
74
Q

intervertebral discs

A
  • amphiarthrotic
  • cartilaginous (fibrocartilage)
  • annulus fibrosis- outer fibrous ring -> transmits forces
  • nucleus pulposus- inner protein gel -> shock absorption
  • prolapsed disk can impinge the spinal nerve (break or tear in annulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposus leaks out)
75
Q

vertebral discs: aging

A
  • anklosing spondylitis- type of progressive arthritis -> can lead to fusion
  • age related degeneration
  • dehydration of the disc
  • space between discs will shrink -> we get shorter overtime
76
Q

diarthrotic: synovial

A
  • full range of motion
  • wrist
  • jaw
  • knee
  • fingers
  • hyaline cartilage
77
Q

types of synovial joints

A
  • uniaxial: hinge joint (humerus x ulna)
  • biaxial: saddle joint (thumb joint)
  • multiaxial: ball and socket (femur x pelvis)
  • (going from least to most mobile ^)
78
Q

common features of synovial joints

A
  • articular capsule- layer of dense fibrous tissue over synovial membrane
  • articulate cartilage (almost always hyaline) -> there isnt bone to bone contact -> its articular cartilage to articular cartilage
  • synovial fluid
  • ligaments- dense fibrous tissue external to articular capsule
79
Q

what is the synovial membrane composed of

A

-areolar connective tissue

80
Q

bursae

A
  • commonly associated with synovial joints
  • fibrous sac of synovial fluid
  • when found surrounding ligaments and tendon can be called sheaths
  • rounded areas around the joint
  • can be separate or included in articular capsule
  • subdeltoid bursae
  • digital tendon sheath
81
Q

bursitis

A
  • irritation/inflammation of bursae
  • irritation/inflammation can lead to accumulation of fluid -> pressure
  • olecranon bursa irritation can lead to bursitis when banged
82
Q

tendinitis

A
  • tennis elbow
  • tendons- dense connective tissue that connects muscle body to bone
  • damage to tendon due to repetitive use
  • flexor pronator
  • wrist extensor
  • triceps tendon
83
Q

articular discs

A
  • synovial joints are commonly associated
  • thin fibrocartilage separating the synovial cavity space
  • separates 2 synovial space cavities
  • hyaline can rotate on this disc
  • present in the temporal mandibular joint
84
Q

shoulder

A
  • ball and socket
  • glenohumeral joint
  • extremely mobile
  • very shallow articulation
  • stability from ligaments and muscles
  • glenoid fossa deepened by fibrocartilaginous labrum that extends beyond bony edge
85
Q

hip

A

-ball and socket

86
Q

knee

87
Q

ligaments of shoulder

A
  • supported by extracapsular ligaments
  • coracohumeral ligaments- coracoid process x humerus
  • glenohumeral ligaments- glenoid fossa x humerus
  • ligaments are external to synovial joint
88
Q

rotator cuff

A
  • shoulder muscles
  • subscapularis- deep to scapula
  • supraspinatus- lateral posterior of scapula
  • infraspinatus- lateral posterior of scapula
  • teres minor- inferior posterior
89
Q

subscapularis

A

-attaches to lesser tubercle

90
Q

teres minor and infraspinatus

A

-attach to greater tubercle

91
Q

brachial plexus

A
  • innervation
  • suprascapular nerve- innervates the supraspinatus and infraspinatus
  • subscapular nerve- innervates subscapular nerve
  • axillary nerve- innervates teres minor
92
Q

shoulder impingement

A
  • swollen bursa
  • increase pressure
  • impinge nerve
93
Q

hip joint*

A
  • extremely stable
  • very deep articulation
  • added stability from ligaments
  • acetabular surface- ear-like, covered with hyaline
  • acetabular labrum
  • acetabulum is deepened by- fibrocartilaginous labrum and transverse acetabular ligament
94
Q

what would the name of an extracapsular ligament between the femur and the inferior-posterior part of the pelvis be called (the part you sit on)

A

-ischiofemoral

95
Q

extracapsular ligaments of hip

A
  • iliofemoral- anterior
  • pubofemoral- anterior
  • ischiofemoral- posterior
96
Q

intracapsular ligament for hip joint

A
  • ligament of the head of the femur
  • connect the head of the femur into the acetabulum
  • inside the capsule
97
Q

hip replacement

A
  • common
  • arthritic damage
  • inflammation of the bone
  • replacing the head of the femur with a metal ball
  • replacing the acetabulum
98
Q

knee joint

A
  • unstable (compared to hip)
  • very shallow articulation
  • added stability from ligament
99
Q

tibial plateau

A
  • deepened by fibrocartilaginous menisci
  • flat
  • medial meniscus and lateral meniscus -> make a cup
100
Q

extracapsular ligaments of knee

A
  • support joint capsule
  • patellar ligament- patella and * -> prevents too much flexion
  • medial (tibial) collateral ligament- tibia and femur
  • lateral (fibular) collateral ligament- fibula and femur
  • medial and lateral collateral prevent too much abduction and adduction
  • too much abduction can tear medial collateral ligament vice versa
101
Q

intracapsular ligaments of knee

A
  • anterior cruciate (ACL)- anterior side of tibia back to femur -> prevents posterior dislocation of femur (anterior dislocation of tibia) -prevents medial rotation of tibia
  • posterior cruciate (PCL)- make a cross- posterior of tibia forward to femur -> prevents anterior dislocation of femur (posterior dislocation of tibia)
102
Q

muscle tissue

A
  • elongated cells capable of contraction
  • excitability- responsive to stimuli
  • elasticity- return to original form after contraction (titin)
  • contractility- tension within cells causes shortening (active)
  • extensibility- extend in response to contraction of opposing muscles (passive)
103
Q

tissue

A
  • epithelial
  • connective
  • muscle
  • nervous
104
Q

muscle tissue function

A
  • movement
  • posture
  • temperature regulation (skeletal muscle- shivering, arrector pili)
  • storage and movement
  • support
105
Q

3 muscle types

A
  • skeletal
  • cardiac
  • smooth
106
Q

skeletal muscle

A
  • voluntary
  • striated- fiber pattern, action and myosin
  • produced movement
  • generates heat- contraction releases heat
107
Q

skeletal muscle structure

A
  • fibers run parallel with different thickness
  • nesting doll
  • muscle body attach to tendon
  • fascicles- composed of fibers
  • vessels and nerves between fascicles
  • fibers (cell)- composed of fibrils and filaments
  • epimysium
  • myofibrils
  • myofilaments
108
Q

tendon

A
  • connect muscle to bone
  • dense regular connective tissue
  • contraction pulls on tendons (and bone)
109
Q

ligament

A

-bone to bone

110
Q

epimysium

A
  • directly adhered to muscle body
  • outside of the muscle
  • connective tissue
  • under the fascia
111
Q

perimysium

A
  • surround the fascicles

- connective tissue

112
Q

fasicles

A
  • bundles of muscle fibers wrapped in connective tissue
  • some fascicles can contract while others arnt in the same muscle body
  • composed of fibers (Cells)
  • semi-independent
  • can run in different directions:
  • parallel, convergent, unipennate
113
Q

muscle fiber

A
  • multinucleated
  • composed of myofibrils
  • long -> extend the entire length of fascicle
  • connect to nervous system
114
Q

endomysium

A
  • surrounds the muscle fiber
  • not a cell membrane -> external to cell
  • helps keep fluid surrounding the cell that would normally be ECF
115
Q

myofibrils

A
  • contraction
  • composed of myofilaments
  • run the whole length of the fiber
  • contractile segments
  • composed of stacked sarcomeres (myofilaments)
116
Q

sarcolemma

A

-cell membrane of the muscle fiber

117
Q

which level of muscular organization represents a collection of multiple muscle cells

118
Q

myofilaments

A
  • actin thin filaments- made of actin, troponin, and tropomyosin
  • myosin thick filaments- made of myosin protein
  • makeup 10,000 of sarcomeres stacked (z disc to z disc)
  • actin and myosin are contractile proteins
  • myosin pulls the actin fibers
119
Q

A band

A
  • myosin and actin
  • darkest area -> both filaments
  • stays the same length
120
Q

H zone

A
  • myosin
  • middle
  • dark areas
121
Q

sarcomeres

A
  • functional contractile unit
  • responsible for striations
  • myosin and actin
122
Q

I band

A
  • actin
  • light areas
  • shrink during contraction
123
Q

skeletal muscle innervation

A
  • neuromuscular junction- the synapse between neuron axon and muscle cell
  • each skeletal muscle fiber is innervated by a single motor neuron
  • contract in unison
124
Q

contraction at sarcomere

A
  • thin filaments slides over thick filaments
  • Z discs move closer
  • titin is compacted
  • myosin binds to actin and pull actin fibers together
  • Z discs move closer together
  • titin- springy complex that is compacted -> provides elasticity
125
Q

cramping

A
  • an involuntary and forcibly contracted muscle that does not relax
  • keeps contracting after signal stops
  • caused by hyperexcitability of the nerves that stimulate the muscles
126
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A
  • Lou Gehrig
  • degeneration of motor neurons that control skeletal muscle
  • voluntary muscle action progressively lost
  • atrophy, cell death, mass loss
127
Q

striated muscle

A

-skeletal and cardiac

128
Q

cardiac muscle

A
  • heart wall

- walls of aorta

129
Q

cardiac muscle structure

A
  • single nucleus
  • Y-shaped cells
  • intercalcated discs between cells -> directly connected with large SA -> good for gap junctions
  • attached to 2,3,4 other cells
  • involuntary contraction (autonomic system)
  • striated
  • internally generated impulses
130
Q

smooth muscle

A
  • walls of hollow organs and blood vessels
  • tunica media- thick layer of smooth muscle surround arteries
  • detrusor muscle- bladder -> allows us to push out pee
  • 3 muscle layers of stomach
131
Q

sphincter

A

-skeletal muscle

132
Q

smooth muscle structure

A
  • involuntary
  • non-striated
  • resist fatigue
  • low power
  • maintain constant muscle tone
  • always somewhat contracted to maintain shape of organ
133
Q

smooth muscle function

A
  • bundles of actin and myosin that stretch in between dense bodies
  • dense body is analogous to z disc
  • filaments connect dense bodies
  • thin filaments slide over thick filaments
  • sliding mechanism
  • contraction in all directions
  • elongated shape- relaxed
  • blobby- contracted
134
Q

which muscle is involved in goose bumps (erector pili)

A
  • smooth muscles

- involuntary

135
Q

which muscle is involved in shivering

A

skeletal

-heat production

136
Q

muscle action

A
  • when considered in isolation, the movement that a muscle is capable of producing in isolation
  • the movements that a muscle is capable of producing
137
Q

muscle function

A
  • the body motion that a muscle produced when it is in use
  • depends on the context of other muscle actions and joint positions
  • the body motion that muscle produces when it is in use
138
Q

muscle function = muscle action in some cases:

A
  • pronator quadratus

- brachialis

139
Q

pronator quadratus

A
  • action=function
  • pronation at forearm/wrist
  • anterior distal end
  • between ulna and radius
  • brings them closer together
  • rotation about the ulna
140
Q

brachialis

A
  • action=function
  • crosses from the diaphysis of the humerus to the coracoid process of ulna
  • pulls ulna towards humerus
  • flexion of forearm at elbow joint
141
Q

muscle function may be modified muscle action

A
  • pronator teres

- biceps brachii

142
Q

pronator teres

A
  • action= pronation
  • elongated
  • pulling between medial epicondyle of humerus
  • pulls radius and forearm towards the humerus
  • pronation
  • if you already have pronation and have further flexion of the pronator teres you would expect it to produce flexion at the elbow
  • function = can do flexion when already pronated
143
Q

biceps brachii

A
  • action=flexion of elbow
  • function=when elbow is partially flexed, also powerful supinator
  • connected to radius
  • pulls radius towards humerus -> flexion
  • rotates radial from radial tuberosity once flexed
144
Q

muscle action and muscle function may be different

145
Q

agonist

A
  • prime mover

- responsible for movement

146
Q

antagoinist

A
  • prime opponent

- prevents the movement

147
Q

synergist

A

-assist agonist (stabilize joint)

148
Q

fixator

A

-assist agonist (stabilize bone)

149
Q

elbow flexion

A
  • agonist- bicep brachii

- antagonist- triceps brachii

150
Q

flexion of wrist

A
  • agonist- palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis
  • flexor carpi ulnaris- also adducts
  • flexor carpi radialis- also abducts
  • results in straight flexion
  • flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor carpi radialis are antagonists of one another (abductor and abbductor)
151
Q

finger flexion: pulling yourself up

A
  • agonist- finger flexors: flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor radialis
  • antagonist- finger extensors
  • synergist- wrist should be extended: wrist extensors -> extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis longus

ANP 300 (20 decks)

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