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ANP 300 > QUIZ 7 > Flashcards

QUIZ 7 Flashcards

1
Q

digestive system proper

A
  • from innermost to outer:
  • *muscosa: epithelium, lamina propria (connective), muscularis mucosae (muscle)
  • *submucosa
  • *muscularis externa- internal circular and external longitudinal
  • adventitia or serosa
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2
Q

outer layer of digestive tube

A
  • adventitia or serosa
  • adventitia- loose irregular connective
  • serosa- serous membrane (visceral peritoneum)
  • peritoneum is the serous membrane that surrounds GI organs
  • above diaphragm (like esophagus)- adventitia
  • below diaphragm- intraperitoneal (all serosa) or retroperitoneal- mostly adventitia
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3
Q

peritoneum

A
  • serous membrane
  • parietal layer (outer)- connected to organs (abdominal walls)
  • peritoneal cavity- serous fluid within
  • visceral layer- inner (aka serosa)
  • intraperitoneal are surrounded by peritoneum
  • retroperitoneum- behind the peritoneum (not surrounded)
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4
Q

messentary

A

-double layer of visceral peritoneum

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5
Q

jejnum

A

-intraperitoneal organ

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6
Q

ascending colon

A

retroperitoneal organ

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7
Q

which of the following structure is a serous membrane

A
  • peritoneum
  • pericardium
  • pleura
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8
Q

intraperitoneal structures

A
  • surrounded by peritoneum
  • below diaphragm- intraperitoneal (all serosa)
  • stomach
  • small intestine (most)
  • cecum
  • appendix
  • transverse colon
  • sigmoid colon
  • liver
  • part of large intestine
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9
Q

retroperitoneal structures

A
  • behind the peritoneum (not surrounded)
  • below diaphragm- retroperitoneal- mostly adventitia
  • duodenum (most) - small intestine
  • pancreas
  • kidneys
  • ascending colon
  • descending colon
  • rectum
  • abdominal aorta
  • inferior vena cava
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10
Q

what is the outermost layer of the GI tract called for the stomach

A

-serosa

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11
Q

lesser omentum

A
  • branching away from serosa layer of liver
  • double layer mesentery
  • supports the stomach within the abdominal cavity
  • vasculature and nerves that supplies GI
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12
Q

greater omentum

A
  • dangly
  • double layer of mesentery
  • sheet on anterior side of abdomen
  • fatty deposits
  • adipose tissue
  • fat is here
  • barrier to impacts
  • stretches from stomach down and connects to transverse colon
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13
Q

transverse mesocolon

A
  • connects area near pancreas to the transverse colon
  • supports transverse colon
  • hold it towards the top of abdominal cavity
  • vasculature and nerves that supplies GI
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14
Q

mesentery

A
  • supplying vasculature
  • large network
  • folds up with the small intestine
  • connects the small intestine up towards the liver and spleen
  • mesentery proper
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15
Q

arterial blood supply of gut

A
  • flows through mesentery, mesocolon
  • arterial blood supply is separated into three components:
  • foregut- supplied by the celiac artery -> stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, duodenum
  • midgut- supplied by superior mesenteric -> small intestine, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon
  • hindgut- supplied by inferior mesenteric -> descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum
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16
Q

celiac artery

A

-branches into two parts

-

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17
Q

venous drainage of the gut

A
  • venous blood from the gut are going towards the liver
  • hepatic portal system
  • all veins brings nutrients, blood, waste product, some O2 -> to the portal system -> to liver -> liver processes and metabolizes the nutrients before it goes back to heart
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18
Q

stomach

A
  • digestion
  • fondus- rounded superior part
  • pyloris- funnel shaped -> goes into the small intestine
  • antrum- wider part of pyloris
  • pyloric sphincter- open to allow chyme into the small intestine
  • gastric folds- present when the stomach is emptier
  • three layers:
  • longitudinal- smooth muscle
  • circular- smooth muscle
  • oblique- diagonal fibers -> mechanical digestion crushing
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19
Q

functions of digestive system

A
  • oral cavity- ingestion and mastication -> salivary glands (enzymes)
  • pharnx and esophagus- swallow
  • stomach- digestion
  • small intestine- digestion and absorption
  • liver, gallbladder and pancreas- enzymes
  • large intestine- absorption and storage
  • rectum and anus- elimination
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20
Q

gastric fluid

A
  • break down of food
  • pepsin- enzyme that breaks down
  • produced in the gastric glands
  • mucosal layer is thick and has pits
  • gastric glands produce hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, gastrin, mucus
  • acidic
  • fluid is high- for one liter of food -> 3-4 liters of fluid leave
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21
Q

gastric ulcers

A
  • thick mucosa layer protects the stomach
  • acid eats away at the stomach when the mucosa layer wears away
  • burning
  • increases chance of cancer
  • caused by large density of helicobacter pylori
  • if helicobacter pylori produces a basic substance that protects -> if there is too much there is a reduction of mucosa layer -> ulcers (near duodenum usually)
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22
Q

small intestine

A
  • duodenum descending posteriorly into the retroperitoneal space
  • enters the jejunum- absorption
  • enters the ilium -> ileocecal valve -> cecum (large intestine)
  • mucosa layer and submucosa layer form ridges (especially jejunum) -> plicae circularis- slows down material and increase SA for absorption
  • within membranous layer of mucosa layer there is villi- has arteries, veins, lacteals (transport fatty molecules)
  • microvilli are on the villi- further increase the SA of small intestine
  • deep to submucosa- the muscularis layer -> two layers: inner circular and outer longitudinal -> peristalsis
  • villi- simple columnar epithelial cell
  • narrow diameter (actually longer than large intestine)
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23
Q

duodenum

A
  • c-shaped and fixed in place
  • entrance of bile duct
  • entrance of pancreatic duct
  • receives chyme from stomach
  • mostly retroperitoneal- bound to abdominal
  • pyloric sphincter separating from stomach
  • major duodenal papilla of vater -> bile duct and pancreatic duct comes from here
  • duodenojejunal flexure- where the duodenum and jejunum meet
  • basic mucosa
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24
Q

jejunum

A
  • coiled and freely mobile
  • handing from mesentery
  • wide lumen with plicae circularis
  • intraperitoneal
  • thick walled
  • long vasa recta (arterial supply)
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25
Q

ileum

A
  • coiled and freely mobile
  • narrow lumen, largely smooth inner lining
  • thin walled
  • short and numerous vasa recta
  • intraperitoneal
  • peyers patches- pick up pathogens -> immune response
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26
Q

vasa recta

A
  • arteries that come off the arcades
  • ileum they are short and frequent
  • jejunum they are long
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27
Q

which portion of the small intestine are retroperitoneal

A

duodenum

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28
Q

pancreas

A
  • regulation of acidity
  • endocrine organ
  • cell within pancreas are exocrine -> make digestive enzymes and bicarbonate
  • 95% of tissue = exocrine acini cells
  • 5% of tissue = endocrine islet cells -> insulin and glucagon secretion (metabolism and homeostasis)
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29
Q

liver and gallbladder

A
  • produces bile
  • bile transferred into duodenum to help with digestion
  • liver is closely bound to abdominal diaphragm
  • right side of liver is larger (right lobe)
  • falciform ligament separate the right and left lobe
  • connects to ligamentum teres
  • inferior vena cava receives blood from hepatic veins
  • porta hepatis: portal vein (receives blood from other organs), hepatic artery (receives oxygenated blood), common bile duct
  • cystic duct connects to gall bladder
  • caudate lobe- in between ligamentum teres and inferior vena cava
  • quadrate lobe
  • filter blood from intestines
  • metabolism of: carbs, fats, proteins
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30
Q

hepatic lobules

A
  • hepatic lobule- functional unit
  • portal triads
  • central vein in the middle- take up the metabolites and send it to the inferior vena cava to the body
  • hepatocytes- filter blood from intestines and metabolism of carbs, fats, proteins
  • portal vein is not fully deoxygenated -> also oxygenates
  • hepatic artery that comes from descending aorta is mostly oxygenating
  • bile duct- sends the bile to the small intestine
  • bile caniliculi- allow for transmission of bile into the duct
  • hepatic vein- transport fluid out to the inferior vena cava
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31
Q

gall bladder and biliary tree

A
  • left and right hepatic duct -> common hepatic duct -> bile duct or cystic duct to gall bladder
  • gall bladder is storage site for bile
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32
Q

which vessels/ducts carry fluid away from the hepatic lobules

A
  • *bile duct
  • *central vein- receives blood within hepatic lobules with metabolites into the inferior vena cava
  • *hepatic vein
  • hepatic artery brings blood towards the hepatic lobules
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33
Q

large intestine

A
  • transverse mesocolon- peritoneum -> suspend
  • from the ileum material is moved to cecum
  • cecum is first part of large- storage
  • vermiform appendix- lymphatic, repopulates normal flora
  • ascending colon- right side,
  • right colic (hepatic flexure)
  • transverse colon
  • left colic (splenic) flexure
  • descending colon
  • sigmoid colon
  • rectum
  • anal canal
  • anus
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34
Q

teniae coli

A
  • longitudinal layer of the large intestine doesnt go around the whole tube
  • there is a strip of the teniae coli
  • helps with peristalsis
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35
Q

intraperitoneal: large intestine

A
  • cecum
  • vermiform appendix
  • transverse colon
  • sigmoid colon
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36
Q

retroperitoneal: large intestine

A
  • ascending colon
  • rectum
  • anal canal
  • anus
  • descending colon
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37
Q

ileocecal orifice

A
  • between ileum and cecum

- controls flow of ileum into cecum

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38
Q

haustrum

A
  • chambers or units in the large intestine

- semilunar folds between the haustrum

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39
Q

epiploic appendages

A
  • fatty structures associated with the teniae coli
  • within peritoneum
  • dangling
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40
Q

vermiform appendix

A
  • McBurney’s point- incision

- 1/3 distance of iliac spine and belly button

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41
Q

hirschsprings disease

A
  • innervation of large intestine that is associated with smooth muscle contraction doesnt go all the way to rectum
  • no nerve impulse to parts of large intestines
  • no way of excretion
  • no way of peristalsis
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42
Q

rectum and anal canal

A
  • sigmoid colon -> rectum
  • transverse rectal folds/valves of houston- hold fecal matter in place so we can pass gas without stool
  • levator ani (pubococcygeus)- pelvic diaphragm -> supports
  • anal columns- as solids pass anal columns gland are compressed and fluid is produced
  • internal anal sphincter- smooth (sympathetic)
  • external anal sphincter- skeletal
  • at level of S3
  • puborectalis- muscle around the rectum- regulates defication
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43
Q

excretion

A
  • internal and external anal sphincter must be relaxed for defecation
  • puborectalis- acts as a sling around the rectum -> moves it to the side and prevents defecation when contracted
  • when puborectalis is relaxed -> defecation
  • sitting- puborectalis is still pulling against
  • squatting- loosens the puborectalis sling around rectum
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44
Q

sympathetic nervous system signals are associated with what function within the anal canal

A
  • contract internal anal sphincter
  • sympathetic fight or flight prevents defecation
  • autonomic is associated with smooth muscle rather than skeletal (external anal sphincter)
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45
Q

innervation of anal sphincter

A 
Internal Anal Sphincter
-sympathetic: below L1
-parasympathetic: S2-S4
External Anal Sphincter
-somatic motor : S2-S4
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46
Q

rectum vessels

A
  • internal iliac
  • middle rectal
  • inferior rectal
  • superior rectal
  • middle rectal
  • inferior rectal
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47
Q

urinary system

A
  • stores and excretes urine
  • removes waste products from the blood
  • maintains ion balance and acid base balance
  • regulates blood and interstitial fluid volume
  • regulates erythrocyte production (based on O2 levels)
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48
Q

components of urinary system

A
  • kidney- produce urine
  • ureter- transport urine
  • bladder- store urine
  • urethra- transport urine
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49
Q

ureter

A
  • collects urine from bladder

- anterior to rectum

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50
Q

kidneys

A
  • in abdominal cavity
  • retroperitoneal
  • posterior to digestive organs
  • asymmetrical- right kidney is a bit lower compared to left bc the liver is so large
  • right kidney is posterior to: liver, hepatic flexure, ascending colon
  • left kidney is posterior to: spleen, stomach, splenic flexure, descending colon
  • kidneys are anterior to: ribs, muscles of the spine, abdominal back muscles
  • regulate pH, hydration, eliminating waste,
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51
Q

kidney: well cushioned

A
  • surrounded by protective tissue and fat
  • pararenal fat- surrounding connective tissue
  • renal fascia- surround pararenal fat
  • perienal fat-
  • renal capsule
  • renal (fibrous) capsule- connective tissues surrounding kidney, protecting it from trauma and pathogens
  • renal fascia- connective tissue anchoring kidney to posterior abdominal wall
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52
Q

left kidney

A
  • T11-L2
  • 11th and 12th ribs
  • anterior of quadratus lumborum and psoas major
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53
Q

right kidney

A
  • T12-L3
  • 12th rib
  • anterior of quadratus lumborum and psoas major
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54
Q

vasculature of kidneys

A
  • closely associated with major blood vessels
  • left and right renal artery- supply blood into kidneys
  • renal veins- dumps into the inferior vena cava -> heart
  • vein and artery connect at hilum
  • renal artery segments into segmental arteries -> interlobar arteries (go around laterally on the pyramids) -> meet superficially on the arcuate artery (anastomoses) -> interlobular artery (towards the nephrons of the cortex) -> nephrons -> filter -> interlobular veins -> arcuate veins -> interlobar veins -> segmental veins
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55
Q

anatomy of the kidney

A
  • vein, ureter, and artery connect at hilum- indent
  • medulla- renal pyramids (internal)
  • medulla is broken up into 6-8 different pyramids
  • vasculature surrounds the pyramids
  • cortex- renal columns (superficial)
  • renal papilla- end of renal pyramid
  • as soon as urine leaves the renal pyramid it enters the minor calyx and major calyx -> renal pelvis
  • renal pelvis is collecting all the urine from one kidney
  • renal sinus- concave hollow area, where you find the pelvis, the calyx, and vasculature
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56
Q

what blood vessel receives blood from multiple arcuate veins

A

-interlobar vein

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57
Q

nephrons

A
  • major functional unit of kidney
  • produces urine (filter blood)
  • > 1 million nephrons in each kidney
  • spans the boundary between renal cortex and medulla
  • vascular and tubular components
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58
Q

nephron vasculature

A
  • efferent arterioles
  • interlobular artery- away from arcuate arteries into the cortex (away from medulla)
  • afferent arterioles- bring blood to one specific nephron -> into glomerulus
  • glomerulus- first filtration
  • from the glomerulus -> efferent arterioles -> into the peritubular capillaries surrounding the tubes within the cortex
  • descends down around the nephron loop as vasa recta (parallel blood vessels)
  • venules -> interlobar veins
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59
Q

tubular component

A
  • cortical nephrons- 85% (most of the nephrons) - nephron loop is short- doesnt go far into the pyramids
  • juxtamedullary nephrons- 15%- descend deep into the medulla
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60
Q

filtration

A
  • blood in the glomerulus (high pressure) -> push material (filtrate) out into the bowmans capsule (renal corpuscle)
  • proximal convuluted tubule (PCV)- associates with capillary network- transport of material between PCV
  • water getting send back into the blood stream via capillaries
  • distal convoluted tubule- tubular secretion- active transport of things out of the blood into the urine (waste product)
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61
Q

proximal and distal convoluted tubule

A
  • active transport from the blood back into the tube

- secretion

62
Q

resorption

A

-transport of molecules from within the tubes into the blood

63
Q

renal corpuscle

A
  • podocytes form visceral layer around the fenestrated capillaries
  • flow of different types of molecules
  • through the endothelial layer of capillaries
  • podocytes have pedicles that interlace with pedicles of other podocytes -> forms slits that filter
  • afferent arteriole- flowing into glomerulus (wider)
  • efferent arteriole- flowing out of glomerulus (narrower)
64
Q

glomerular filtration

A
  • filtrate- fluid from plasma + solutes (not proteins or cells)
  • larger afferent arterioles diameter than efferent = higher pressure
  • three filtering layers: fenestrated capillaries (block cells), continuous basement membrane (blocks large proteins), podocyte pedicles (block most small proteins)
  • podocyte pedicles form filtration slits
  • capillary basement membrane
  • fenestrated capillary endothelium
65
Q

capillaries

A
  • continuous capillaries (only allow O2 and other nutrients to pass through)
  • fenestrated- allow from larger molecules to pass through
  • sinusoid- whole cells can pass (spleen)
66
Q

at the renal capsule, the afferent arteriole is carrying ____ blood and the efferent arteriole is carrying ___ blood

A

-oxygenated, oxygenated

67
Q

efferent arterioles

A

carry oxygenated blood!!!

  • still hasnt hit the capillaries at this point
  • oxygen isnt necessarily being filtered out
68
Q

tubular fluid

A
  • filtrate as modified by tubular component of nephron: water, waste products, ions, vitamins, some small proteins
  • filtrate becomes tubular fluid once it enters tubules
  • active transport of tubular fluid
  • reabsorption occurs bc there are important substances in the tubular fluid
69
Q

nephron: tubular vascular

A
  • glomerulus filtration- salts, amino acids
  • active tubular reabsorption- amino acids are transported back into capillaries beds
  • tubular secretion
70
Q

tubular resorption

A
  • diffusion and transport of water and needed solute back into blood from tubular fluid
  • 60-65% of water is resorbed
  • water is diffusion
  • solutes are active
  • from the tubes into the blood
  • into the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)- simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli (connective tissue surrounding)
  • nephron loop also does resorption
  • microvilli allows for greater resorption
71
Q

tubular secretion

A
  • active transport of solute out of blood into tubular fluid
  • into the proximal or distal convoluted tubule or nephron
  • distal convoluted tubule- secretion of K+ and H+
72
Q

nephron loop

A
  • simple cuboidal epithelium (thick part)
  • simple squamous epithelium (thin part)
  • descends into medulla
  • resorption of water, Na+, Cl-, and other solutes
73
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A
  • simple cuboidal epithelium
  • no microvilli
  • resorption of water
  • secretion of K+ and H+
74
Q

clinical correlate: kidney failure

A
  • loss of renal function- damage to glomerulus or small blood vessels
  • common causes: autoimmune disease, high blood pressure, diabetes
  • treatments: dialysis and kidney transplant
  • hemodialysis- machine filters
  • peritoneal dialysis- 4-6 times a day a tube goes through abdomen -> done by pressure and gravity
75
Q

urine

A

-tubular fluid that enters the collecting duct to pass out of the renal pyramid

76
Q

what structure does urine flow within just after exiting the renal pyramid

A

-minor calyx

77
Q

ureters

A
  • retroperitoneal
  • 3 layers: mucosa (inner), muscularis (middle), adventitia (outer)
  • peristalsis moves fluid (muscularis)
  • ureters to bladder
78
Q

ureter tunics

A
  • inner layer of mucosa layer: transitional epithelium
  • outer layer of mucosa: lamina propria
  • transitional epithelium- cells like cuboidal but the cells become more and more elongated as the cell stretched (look squamous)
79
Q

clinical correlate: kidney stones

A
  • renal calculi
  • formed mostly of calcium
  • can become lodged in kidney, renal pelvis, or ureter
  • cramping pain across lower abdomen and pelvis (loin to groin)
  • blood in urine
  • referred pain (autonomic)- we dont know where it comes from (abdominal pain even though it is kidney)
  • ultrasonic sound waves are used to break them up
80
Q

bladder

A
  • ureters connect to the bladder on the posterior side on the trigone (obliquely)
  • trigone- connection of bladder to the posterior abdominal wall -> funnels fluid downward to the urethra
  • when bladder is relaxed there is rugae
  • transitional epithelium
  • internal sphincter- urinary sphincter (smooth muscle)
  • external sphincter- you can control consciously to pee (skeletal)
  • urethra between the internal and external urethra)
  • detrusor muscle in the muscular layer
81
Q

bladder tunics

A
  • mucosa- transitional epithelium and lamina propria
  • submucosa
  • muscularis- smooth muscle in random orientation (compression in all directions)
  • adventitia
  • retroperitoneal
82
Q

bladder: expansion

A
  • trigone keeps bladder anchored
  • rugae flatten as transitional epithelium stretches
  • smooth muscles remain relaxed until we micturate
  • oblique ureter openings are pinched by bladder wall expansion (prevents backflow)
83
Q

bladder: innervation

A
  • stretch receptors in bladder wall - micturition reflex -> parasympathetic (S2-S4) -> contract detrusor and relax internal sphincter (opens for urine to pass into urethra)
  • sympathetic (T11-L2) -> relax detrusor and contract internal sphincter
  • somatic (pudendal nerve S2-S4) -> contract external sphincter -> prevents us from peeing ourselves
84
Q

given the innervation of the external urethral (urinary) sphincter, what kind of muscle is this?

A

-skeletal

85
Q

anal and urethral sphincters

A
  • internal: smooth muscle, involuntary, autonomic innervation
  • external: skeletal muscle, voluntary, somatic innervation
  • tiring or increased pressure of muscle -> accidents
86
Q

bladder: male and female

A
  • male and women
  • uterovesicle pouch- posterior and superior to the bladder for women (anterior to uterus)
  • rectovesicle pouch- anterior to rectus and anus for males
87
Q

urethra: females

A
  • one part of urethra that open into vestibule (where vagina is)
  • sphincter urethrae surrounding (external sphincter)
88
Q

urethra: male

A
  • three parts: prostatic (within prostate), membranous (sphincter urethrae- external sphincter), penile (corpus spongiosum)
  • urethra is not just urinary
  • prostatic- ejaculatory ducts -> semen
  • penile- bulbourethral (cowper’s) glands -> lubricating
89
Q

reproductive system

A
  • common pelvis anatomy- bony pelvis, pelvic diaphragm, urogenital and anal triangles, muscles of the perineum
  • male genitalia- scromtum, testis and epididymis, seminal veiscles and prostate, penis
  • female genitalia- external genitalia, vagina, utrerus, …….
90
Q

reproductive cavtities

A
  • thoracic
  • abdominal
  • pelvis
  • peritoneum extends into pelvic cavity (broad ligament, tunica vaginalis)
  • descent of the ovaries and testes
  • pelvic cavity proper- defined by bony features
  • superior inferior for thoracic and abdominal
  • pelvis is angled obliquely- superior anterior to the posterior inferior side
  • pubic bone- anterior
  • sacrum- posterior
91
Q

bony pelvis

A
  • sacral promontary
  • arcuate line
  • margin of sacral ala
  • pectineal line- ilium to pubic bone
  • pubic crest
  • all of these make up pelvic brim
  • false pelvis- ilium (whole wings and cup)
  • true pelvis- pelvis brim
92
Q

pelvic soft tissue: pelvic diaphragm (PD)

A
  • pelvic diaphragm- muscular floor of the pelvic cavity
  • resists pressure from contraction of abdominal muscle during defecation and childbirth
  • resists gravity
  • keeps us up
  • support recuts, uterus, bladder
  • makes sure we dont poop out organs
  • strong
  • two muscle group: levator ani and (ischio)coccygeus
  • levator ani- pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus, puborectalis
93
Q

perineum

A
  • superficial region define by pelvic bony landmarks
  • inferior to pelcic diaphragm
  • pubic symphysis
  • coccyx
  • ischial tuberosity
  • space between pubic symphysis and inferior to ischial tuberosity
  • weaker
94
Q

pelvic wall: muscles

A
  • piriformis (through greater sciatic foramen) to the femur

- obturator internus- (through lesser sciatic foramen) to femur

95
Q

pelvic diaphragm msucles

A
  • connect to sacrum, ischium, pubis
  • levator ani muscle- iliococcygeus, pubococcygeus, pubrectalis -> connect to obturator
  • (ischio)coccygeus
  • piriformis
  • tendinous arch
96
Q

urogenital and anal triangles

A
  • urogenital triangle (anterior) divided into superior and inferior compartments by perineal membrane
  • anal triangle has no perineal membrane (posterior)- the ischiorectal fossa is filled with fat
  • diamond of the perineal space
97
Q

urogenital triangle

A
  • perineal membrane separates superior and inferior compartments
  • superior perineal space between the perineal membrane and pelvic diaphragm
  • urethra is found across all three: superior and inferior
98
Q

muscles of perineum

A
  • sphincter urethrae
  • sphincter urethrae- for males in the membranous portion
  • between pelvis diaphragm and perineal membrane
99
Q

in males, which part of the urethra is the sphincter urethra found within

A

-membranous

100
Q

ischiocavernosus

A
  • cover:
  • crus of penis
  • crus of clitoris
  • inferior to perineal membrane
101
Q

bulbospongiosus

A
  • cover:
  • blub of penis
  • bulb of vestibule - bilateral
  • inferior to perineal membrane
  • production of lubrication
102
Q

male erectile tissues

A
  • crus of penis- root (base) of the corpus cavernosum (left and right)
  • bulb of penis- root of the corpus spongiosum
103
Q

muscles of perinuem: male

A
  • bulbospongiosus
  • ischiocavernosus
  • transverse perineus
  • levator ani
  • external anal sphincter
  • anococcygeal raphe- supports anus
104
Q

muscles of perineum: female

A
  • ischiocavernosus
  • bulbospongiosus
  • transverse perineus
  • levator ani
  • external anal sphincter
  • anococcygeal sphincter
105
Q

scrotum and contents

A
  • outpocket of anterior abdominal wall
  • contains testes, epididymis, and spermatic cord
  • 6 layers of tissues cover testes and epididymis
  • 4 derive from abdominal wall
  • spermatogenesis and sperm storage is best at 3 degrees lower than body temp
  • testes- where sperm is produced
  • epididymis- where sperm is stored
106
Q

scrotum and descent of contents

A
  • descend through abdominal wall lining during fetal development (2nd month) -> deep inguinal ring and gubernaculum
  • gubernaculum is the ligament pulling it
  • descent of the testes and developing of the epididymis
  • pulls down peritoneum with it
  • 7th month -> superficial inguinal ring and gubernaculum
  • organs that first develop in abdomen and then descend pulling of the peritoneum with it
  • pulls peritoneum (tunica vainalis(visceral), transversalis fascia, transversus abdomen, internal abdominal oblique (cremaster), external abdominal oblique, scarpas fascia, skin
107
Q

epididymis and testes

A

-organs and spermatogenesis

108
Q

tunica vaginalis

A

-invagination of periosteum

109
Q

spermatic fascia

A
  • external spermatic fascia
  • cremaster muscle
  • internal spermatic fascia
110
Q

dartos muscle

A
  • in collaboration with cremaster muscle

- regulates elevation of scrotum (contraction and relaxation)

111
Q

steves air conditioner is broken on a hot day in august. is his dartos muscle likely contracted or relaxed

A

-relaxed

112
Q

spermatic cord

A
  • fascial and muscular layers- continuation of layers surrounding testis
  • spermatic cord:
  • *ductus deferens- duct for sperm during ejaculation
  • *testicular artery- single major arterial vessel
  • *pampiniform plexus of veins (anastomoses)- plexus of begins that transport deoxygenated blood and cools arriving arterial blood
  • point of weakness in the abdominal wall
113
Q

deep ring

A

-point of weakness in the peritoneum

114
Q

descent of testes and inguinal hernia

A
  • indirect- through deep ring -> origin- lateral to epigastric vessels (78% for males and 4% for females)
  • abdominal organs pocking into the inguinal canal through the deep ring
  • direct- through superficial ring -> origin- medial to epigastric vessels (6% for males and 4% for females)
  • abdominal organs are fully through the inguinal canal through the deep ring (you can see superficially)
  • femoral- through femoral ring (2% for males and 6% for females) -> different point of weakness
115
Q

testes

A
  • site of meiosis and sperm formation
  • gamete production
  • duplication of chromosomes
  • 2 diploid to 4 haploid
  • continuous
  • 16 day process
116
Q

epididymis

A
  • location of sperm maturation
  • horn like structure
  • semicircular around the posterior edge of the testes
  • store the sperm before ejaculation
117
Q

seminiferous tubules

A
  • mitosis and meiosis
  • in the seminiferous tubules into the epididymis (mature)
  • proliferative cells
  • mitosis
  • connective tissue surround the tubules
  • spermatogenic cells- produce sperm
  • sustentacular cells- provide environment for sperm development
  • interstitial cells- product androgens -> testosterone
  • within testes
118
Q

ductus deferenes

A
  • epididymis -> ductus deferenes -> superficial inguinal ring -> inguinal canal -> deep inguinal ring -> over bladder -> seminal vesicle -> seminal gland
  • wraps around the ureter over the bladder
  • meets and forms the ejaculatory duct
119
Q

seminal vesicle

A
  • produces a lot of fluid in semen

- gland

120
Q

semen

A
  • testes- 200-500m sperm per ejaculate
  • seminal vesicles- whiteish yellow fluid with nutrients and bicarbonate (reduces acidity of vagina)
  • prostate glands- milky fluid with nutrient, antibiotic and liquifying functions
  • bulbourethral glands- clear mucin lubricates urethra
  • uses a sugar to help it survive in the vagina
121
Q

male urethra and prostate

A

-seminal vesicle -> prostate gland -> ejaculatory duct -> meets the urethra within the prostatic portion -> sphincter urethrae -> corpus spongiosum

122
Q

ejaculatory duct is formed from the combination of which 2 structures

A
  • ductus defernes
  • seminal vesicle
  • ejaculatory meets within the prostatic urethra
  • cowper gland dump into the penile urethra
123
Q

corpus spongiosum

A
  • central erectile glandular tissue within the penis
  • urethra passes through
  • makes up the head of the penis
  • bulbospongiosus muscle is the root surrounded by the urogenital triangle
  • bulb of root
  • terminates in the glans
124
Q

what muscle is the root of the corpus spongiosum surrounded by in the urogenital triangle

A

-bulbospongiosus

125
Q

corpus cavernosum

A
  • crus of penis
  • ischiocavernosus muscle
  • bilateral
  • lesser of the erectile tissue
126
Q

erection

A
  • parasympathetic
  • press against veins in the external tissue -> closes veins
  • limits venous blood flow
  • maintains erection
127
Q

ejaculation

A
  • sympathetic
  • emission- semen moved into urethra
  • expulsion- semen expelled from urethra
128
Q

muscles of perineum: females

A
  • ischiocavernosus- covers crus of clitoris
  • bulbospongiosus- covers bulb of vestibule (bilateral separated)
  • transverse perineus
  • levator ani
  • external anal sphincter
129
Q

bulbospongiosus

A
  • bulb of vestibule

- greater vestibular (bartholins) gland- lubrication

130
Q

suspensory ligament

A

-suspends the clitoris

131
Q

vagina

A
  • posterior to urethra
  • labium minora- smooth skin
  • labium majora- fatty adipose tissue more lateral
  • mons pubis- anterior, fatty tissue, hairy
  • rugae- folds in membranous layer
132
Q

vaginal fornix

A

-cervix and vagina meet

133
Q

mucosa layer of vagina

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium

- acidic environment

134
Q

ligaments

A
  • round ligament of uterus- anteriorly coming off uterus
  • broad ligament- flat fold of the perineum
  • deep inguinal ligament-
  • suspensory ligament- suspends the ovary -> keeps superior to uterus
  • suspensory passes major blood vessels
135
Q

as with many abdominal organs, the uterus’s outer tissue layer is covered with peritoneum. Based on your knowledge of abdominal organs what is the outer tissue layer of the uterus called

A
  • serosa- connective tissue and epithelial cellular layer
  • intraperitoneal and below diaphragm
  • interior lining would be mucosal
136
Q

perimetrium

A
  • serous

- continuous with broad ligament

137
Q

layers of uterus

A
  • perimetrium
  • myometrium
  • endometrium
138
Q

myometrium

A
  • three muscular layers
  • go in different directions
  • thickest layer
  • induce uterine contractions
139
Q

endometrium

A
  • mucosa of columnar epithelium
  • site of embryo implantation
  • thickens and is lost during menstrual cycle
140
Q

uterus

A
  • body- layers of the uterus and uterine tubes
  • fundus- round head (top)
  • cervix- between the internal os and external os
141
Q

uterine tube

A
  • widening of this tube -> infundibulum
  • fingers at the end of the infundibulum -> fimbriae
  • when the egg is pushed out of the ovary during ovulation -> it will pass through the peritoneal space through the infundibulum into the uterine tube
  • fallopian tube
142
Q

ovary

A
  • meiosis of female gametes
  • connected to the uterus by the ovarian ligament
  • suspended by the broad ligament
  • suspended from the abdominal wall by
143
Q

uterine ligaments

A
  • broad ligament- extension of peritoneum, a peritoneal drape, supports uterus, ovaries
  • suspensory- provides vasculature, nerves, and supports ovary
  • ovarian- attached ovary to uterus
  • round- attaches uterus to anterior abdominal wall
  • uterosacral- attaches uterus to the sacrum
  • uterosacral and round ligament help prevent pelvic prolapse (uterus prolapse through the vagina)
  • round and the ovarian ligament are remnants of the gubernaculum (in males)
144
Q

broad ligament

A
  • separated into 3 separate structures
  • mesosalpinx- posterior side- superior to ovarian ligament
  • mesometrium- portion is inferior to ovarian ligament
  • mesovarium- connects the ovary to the rest of the broad ligament
145
Q

vesicouterine pouch

A

-space in between the uterus and bladder

146
Q

rectouterine pouch

A
  • between rectum and uterus

- abdominal organs go through here during prolapse

147
Q

pelvic prolapse

A
  • when weak or loose pelvic support structure allow one or more pelvic organs to drop or press into or out of the vagina
  • enterocele- posterior to vagina - intestine
  • cystocele- bladder impinging
  • rectocele- rectum
148
Q

in women, an enterocele typically occurs as GI organs push against the posterior side of the uterus and vagina. With this in mind, what peritoneal pouch in normally extended during an enterocele in women

A

-rectouterine

149
Q

uterus and endometrium

A
  • functional layer of endometrium changes in thickness across menstrual cycle
  • follicle around the maturing gamete
  • follicle produces
  • in the beginning there is an increase in follicle stimulating hormone
  • ovulation- spike in luteinizing hormone
  • follicle is left behind and continues to produce hormones -> estrogen and progesterone
  • menstruation- loss of endometrium layers
150
Q

menstruation cycled

A
  • primary follicle -> primary oocyte -> granulosa cells (produce estrogen) -> antrum -> corona radiata (ovulation) -> corpus luteum (follicle) -> corpus albicans
  • fertilization within the tube
  • embryo implants within the endometrium
  • increase in human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
  • corpus luteum stays around to produce hormones -> prevents menstruations
151
Q

sex determination and differentiation

A
  • Y chromosome is typically sex determining (SRY) gene
  • female is default
  • paramesonephric duct (lateral)
  • mesonephric duct (medial)
  • no SYR genes -> less testosterone -> ovaries -> mesonephric ducts degenerate -> paramesonephric ducts develop (uterine tube)
  • SYR gene is present -> high testosterone -> testes form -> mesonephric ducts develop -> paramesonephric ducts degenerate (ductus deferenes)
  • testosterone converted to DHT -> leads to differentiation of external genitalia
  • urogenital fold becomes the body of penis
152
Q

disorders of sexual differentiation

A
  • congenital adrenal hyperplasia (21-hydroxylase) -> XX and adrenal glands produce testosterone
  • 5-alpha reductase deficiency -> XY and cannot convert testosterone into DHT (dihydrotestosterone)

ANP 300 (20 decks)

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