Introduction Quiz 1

Question 1

anatomia

Answer 1

• ana- up
• tomia- cutting
• cutting up or
• dissection

Question 2

history of anatomy

Answer 2

• Ancient greek anatomists:
• *Aristotle (384-322 BCE)
• systematic descriptions of animal anatomy
• first western anatomist
• fathers of anatomy?
• *Galen (129-199 CE)
• described human anatomy
• inaccuracies due to inference from animals and philosophical guesses
• highly regarded in Christian West
• best anatomical understanding until 1500s (highly cited)

Question 3

Andreas Vesalius

Answer 3

• 1514-1564
• Founder of modern anatomy
• flemish physician and professor
• hands on human dissection as primary teaching tool
• On the Fabric of the Human Body (1543)
• corrected version of Galen
• Intricate illustrations of anatomical structures

Question 4

Was there no anatomical progress from Galen (130CE) to Vesalius (1550)?

Answer 4

• yes
• Muslim scholarship (800s-1400)
• improvements from direct observation of human internal structures
• systematic dissection
• observation from ill and injured patients

Question 5

Muslim scholar examples

Answer 5

• *Al-Razi (865-925)
• Correction to Galen
• correct number of stomach layers (3, not 2)
• tendon and nerves are different
• circle of willis described in detail
• level of detail implies human dissection
• *Ibn Abbas (930-994CE)
• further improvements
• capillaries connect arterial and venous systems
• 2 separate cranial nerves for face and ear (facial and vestibulocochlear)

Question 6

Mansur Ibn Ilyas

Answer 6

• 1380-1422

- mansurs anatomy (in Persian) with color illustrations

Question 7

Mawangdui medical texts

Answer 7

• chinese burial site
• 168 BCE
• oldest anatomical atlas
• description of meridians match vascular and nerve pathways
• based on dissection?
• later serve as a reference for acupuncture meridians in Huangdi Neijing (Han dynasty 206BCE-220CE)

Question 8

Renaissance Europe

Answer 8

• revival of greek and roman texts
• from the original language
• via arabic/persian translations
• stated preference for the original
• Muslim scholar influence?
• > no? Some muslim discoveries not mentioned at all
• > yes? arabic anatomical terms used (retina, sesamoid, nucha, basilica, saphena)

Question 9

dissection in Renaissance Europe

Answer 9

• *Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
• anatomical illustrations not published during life
• technique likely influenced Vesalius’s artists
• *Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
• On the Fabric of the Human Body (1514)

Question 10

Terminology of reference

Answer 10

• planes
• direction
• movement

Question 11

Latin and greek influence

Answer 11

• In Europe, medicine reemerged as field of study during the renaissance
• Latin served as major academic language across Europe
• bias towards latin and greek terminology
• standardized terminology allows communication across countries
• many current anatomical and medical terms retain a greek or latin basis

Question 12

Fascia

Answer 12

• covers muscles
• comes from latin word band
• bands of fibrous connective tissue surrounding muscles

Question 13

sella turcica

Answer 13

• sphenoid
• depression in sphenoid bone in pituitary gland
• come from latin word meaning turkish saddle (looks like it)

Question 14

(Peroneus) Fibularis longus, fibularis brevsi

Answer 14

• Latin and greek for Pin
• Latin: Fibularis
• Greek: Peroneus
• Looks like a pin

Question 15

Anatomical root words

Answer 15

• familiarity with these root words can make it easier to determine the meaning of new anatomical terms
• etymology may help some to study effectively

Question 16

Brachi-

Answer 16

• brachium
• arm
• brachiocephalic

Question 17

cranio-

Answer 17

• cranium
• head
• craniosacral

Question 18

glosso-, -glossus

Answer 18

• glossus
• tongue
• hypoglossal

Question 19

hepato-

Answer 19

hepaticus

• liver
• hepatocyte

Question 20

oculo-

Answer 20

• occulus
• eye
• oculomotor

Question 21

pterygo-

Answer 21

• pteryx
• wing
• pterygoid

Question 22

stylo-

Answer 22

• stylus
• stake/pole
• stylohyoid

Question 23

calcaneal

Answer 23

-heel bone

Question 24

what kind of vertebrae are found in the beck

Answer 24

-cervical

Question 25

Eponym

Answer 25

• named after a person
• based on a story
• in honor of the first to describe it
• named after oneself
• ex. Achilles tendon
• ex. Eustachian tube (Bartolomeo Eustachi discovered this)
• ex. fallopian tube (Gabriele Falloppio discovered this)
• ex. circle of willis (thomas willis discovered)- collateral ciruclation

Question 26

basel nomina anatomica

Answer 26

• 1895
• conference of anatomy scholar
• attempted to eliminate eponyms
• translate latin into vernacular
• reduced 50,000 anatomical terms to 5,528
• ex. ligamentum inguinale reflexum, reflected inguinal ligament, gimbernats ligament -> 3 names for the same thing -> now only reflected inguinal ligament is used

Question 27

terminologia anatomica

Answer 27

• 1998
• current international standard on human anatomic terminology
• includes latin/greek/arabic and english terms