Anatomical Terminology, General Osteology, and General Arthrology LAB 1 Flashcards
Median Sagittal
-a vertical plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal left and right halves
(para)sagittal
- any vertical plane parallel to the median sagittal plane
- parasagittal plane
- doesnt have to be equal halves
coronal
-any vertical plane perpendicular to the sagittal that divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions
transverse
- with reference to the head, neck, and trunk: any horizontal plane that divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions
- with reference to the limbs: any plane perpendicular to the long axis of the element
longitudinal
any plane that sections an element parallel to its long axis
- imaginary axis going along a limb
- A femur cut along its length in a close to coronal plane
superior or cranial
-refers to one structure being above or closer to the head than another
inferior or caudal
refers to one structure being below or closer to the feet or tail bone (coccyx) than another
anterior or ventral
- refers to one structure being in front of another
- ventral = belly
posterior or dorsal
-refers to one structure being behind another
medial
refers to one structure being closer to the median sagittal plane than another
lateral
refers to one structure being farther away from the median sagittal plane than another
proximal
refers to a structure of the upper limb or lower limb that is closer to the root (attachment) of the limb than another
distal
refers to a structure of the upper or lower limb that is farther away from the root of the limb than another
palmar
the ventral surface (palm) of the hand or fingers
dorsal (hands and feet)
- the dorsal surface (back) of the hand of fingers
- the dorsal surface (top) of the foot or toes
plantar
the ventral surface (bottom or sole) of the foot or toes
mesial
-toward the anterior midline (the midpoint between the two central incisor (front) teeth) of the dental arch
distal (teeth)
away from the anterior midline of the dental arch
lingual
toward the tongue
-used in reference to all teeth
labial
towards the lips
-used in reference to the premolars and molar
buccal
towards the cheeks
-used in reference to the premolars and molars
occlusal
the chewing surface that contacts the teeth in the other jaw
- top of teeth
- used in reference to the premolars and molars
superficial or external
- refers to one structure being closer to the outside or exterior surface than another
- the closer a structure is to the external environment, the more superficial it is said to be
deep or internal
- refers to one structure being closer to the center or middle of the head, trunk, or limbs than another
- the closer a structure is to the center, the deeper it is said to be
flexion
movement that decreases the angle between two parts
-usually a movement to a more anterior location from anatomical position (excludes flexion at knee)
extension
- movement that increases the angle between two parts
- usually a movement to a more posterior location from anatomical position
abduction
movement of an appendage away from the median sagittal plane
- raising your arms at your sides
- fingers and toes: spread them away from the middle digit
- thumb: moves anteriorly, away from the plane defined by the palm
adduction
movement of an appendage toward the median sagittal plane
- bringing arms back down to your sides
- fingers and toes: draws them together toward the middle digit
- thumb: moves posteriorly, toward the plane define by the palm
rotation
-movement that occurs around a central axis of a body part
pronation
rotary movement of the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly (in extension) or inferiorly (in flexion)
-along the longitudinal axis
supination
rotary movement of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly (in extension) or superiorly (in flexion)
-along the longitudinal axis
eversion
turning the sole of the foot outward to face away from the midline (laterally)
-pronation
inversion
turning the sole of the foot inward to face toward the midline (medially)
-supination
plantarflexion
movement of the foot at the ankle so that the ball of the foot moves inferiorly, as when you stand on your toes
dorsiflexion
movement of the foot at the ankle so that the ball of the foot moves superiorly, as when you stand on your heels
-toes up
circumduction
movement of an appendage in a circular or cone-shaped path
-involves abduction, adduction, flexion, and extension
opposition
movement of the thumb to touch a fingertip
- involves abduction, flexion, and medial rotation of the thumb
- the opposite is called reposition
cancellous bone
- located internal to compact bone
- one of the two types of bone
- spongy bone
- RBC produced
- deep to compact bone in proximal and distal ends
- red marrow formed in the trabeculae
trabeculae
- struts of bone that project toward the marrow cavity from the compact bone
- increase in density toward the proximal and distal ends of long bones
- spaces between trabeculae are filled with red marrow (RBC produced here)
periosteum
- externally surrounds bones in layers of connective tissue
- tendons of muscles attach to periosteum
- no periosteum on articular joint surfaces (hyaline cartilage instead)
endosteum
-connective tissue that lines the surface of the bone that borders the marrow cavity
Haversian bone
- makes up the bulk of compact bone in adults
- composed of individual osteons
haversian canal
- at the center of each osteon
- carries nerves and blood vessels
- aka central canals
- run longitudinally
nutrient artery
- large vessel that supplies many bones, especially those of the arm, forearm, thigh, and leg (bones are highly vascular)
- enter the bone through the nutrient foramen
diaphysis
- tubular shaft in long bones
- made up of compact bone that surrounds the medullary (marrow) cavity
- yellow fatty marrow
medullary cavity
-filled with fatty yellow marrow
epiphysis
- the end portion of a long bone that has a separate ossification center
- some bones have many
- long bones of the fingers and toes have only 1 epiphysis
metaphysis
- portion of a mature bone that separates the epiphysis and diaphysis
- trabecula filled expansion
epiphyseal (growth) plate
- in subadult individual
- cartilaginous (hyaline) -> becomes ossified
- between the metaphysis and epiphysis
- allows long bones to grow in length through proliferation of cartilage cells
- most long bones have a proximal and distal epiphyses, but only one major focus of growth
axial skeleton
-comprises the skull, the vertebral column (including the sacrum and coccyx), the hyoid bone, and the thoracic cage (ribs, the costal cartilage, the manubrium, and the sternum)
appendicular skeleton
-comprises the pectoral girdle (the scapula and clavicle) and upper limb bones, pelvic girdle (the os coxae) and the lower limb bones
tuberosity
-a large eminence
tubercle
a small eminence
trochanter
a large, very prominent eminence
process
a bony prominence
-bony bit that sticks out
articular surface
a joint surface
facet
a small articular surface
condyle
a rounded articular surface
epicondyle
a nonarticular projection next to a condyle
head
-a large, rounded end of a bone
neck
the part between the head and diaphysis
-there is usually separate surgical and anatomical necks
fossa
a shallow depression
-scapula has one
foramen
a hole (a neurovascular opening)
sulcus
a long, broad groove
-between the tubercles
ossification
- replaces cartilage cells with bone
- occurs on the metaphyseal side of the growth plate
- epiphyseal plate migrates away form the metaphysis during growth
- epiphysis and metaphysis remain separated by growth plate until cellular proliferation stops and the cartilage becomes fully ossified -> epiphysis fuses with metaphysis and growth stops
Fusion of epiphyses
- epiphysis fuses with metaphysis when cellular proliferation stops and growth ceases
- foot bones (Metatarsels & phalanges)- fusion as early as 12 years, but complete fusion may occur as late as 22 years
- iliac crest- fusion as early as 16 years, but may complete fusion as late as 23 years
- medial end of the clavicle- last epiphysis of the skeleton to fuse -> usually united between 25-30 years
- useful to figure out skeleton age
suture
- the bones are connected by a dense layer of fibrous tissue that binds to the periosteum of each element
- these are found in the skull
- fibrous joint
syndesmosis
- the bones are connected by short collagenous interosseous ligaments
- ex. shafts of the radius and ulna, shafts of the tibia and fibula, and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula
- fibrous joint
gomphosis
- the joint is between the teeth and the bones of the face (maxilla and mandible)
- the tooth root is connected to the walls of it socket by periodontal ligaments
- fibrous joint
synchondrosis
- the bones are connected by a plate of hyaline cartilage
- found between the metaphysis and epiphysis of a growing bone
- intervening hyaline cartilage forms the growth plate
- cartilaginous joint
symphysis
- the bones are connected by a pad of fibrocartilage, which permits a limited amount of movement
- ex. the pubic symphysis of the pelvis and the intervertebral discs
- cartilaginous joint
joint
- junction between two bones
- joint structure determines the degree of movement that is permitted between the bones
- classified by the type of tissue that connects the bones
- 3 types:
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
fibrous joints
- joins bones by fibrous connective tissue
- little if any movement takes place (synarthrosis)
- 3 types:
- suture- skull
- syndesmosis
- gomphosis
cartilaginous joints
- joins bones by hyaline cartilage or by fibrocartilage
- classified by the type of cartilage
- 2 types:
- synchondrosis
- symphysis
synovial joints
- freely moveable
- most complex
- adjoining bones are separated by a fluid filled chamber that facilitates free movement between articulating surfaces
- range of motion and stability is dependent on the shape of the articulating bony surfaces, the strength of the ligaments that form and surround the joint capsule, and the tone of the muscles around the joint
- hip, knee, elbow, jaw, shoulder
articular cartilage
layer of hyaline cartilage that covers articular surface of adjacent bones
joint capsule
enclose the articular surfaces and the space between them
capsular ligament
-external part of the capsule that is composed of elastic fibers that stretch from one bone to the next
synovial membrane
inside of the joint capsule
- secretes a lubricating synovial fluid
- does not cover the articular cartilage
ligaments
-provide support and important sensory information about joint movement and position
extracapsular ligaments
- run between adjacent bones across the joint, do not form part of the capsule
- reinforcement bands
- ex. tibial and fibular collateral ligaments of the knee
intracapsular ligaments
- further strengthen the joint
- traverse the joint capsule between the adjacent bones
- ex. cruciate ligaments of the knee
Bursae and tendon sheaths
- fluid filled fibrous sacs that are generally found close to joints where tendons cross the joint
- a tendon sheath is a tubular bursa sac that surrounds a tendon over part of its length
bursa
- a lubricating device that cushions a tendon as it crosses over bony or ligamentous surfaces
- ex. subacromial bursa
articular discs
- plates of fibrocartilage
- sometimes interposed between the articular surfaces of the bones within a joint capsule
- attached firmly to the fibrous joint capsule
- its surfaces are bathed by synovial fluid
- ex. medial and lateral menisci of the knee
- the sternoclavicular and temporomandibular joints also have articular discs
anatomical position
- standing upright
- arms at the side
- palms forward
medial rotation
- anterior surface faces medially
- turning palms towards (facing) your body
lateral rotation
- anterior surface faces laterally
- turning palm away from your body
supination of hand
-anterior surface faces anteriorly or superiorly
pronation of hand
-anterior surface faces posteriorly or inferiorly
pitching- leg movement
- extension
- angle is increasing
- leg extends
- abduction of the shoulder joint
opposition (of thumb)
-combination of flexion, abduction and medial rotation in sequence
movement (of thumb)
- flexion & extension
- adduction & abduction
thorax
- referring to the ribcage
- contains the thoracic cavity
cavity
- thoracic
- pelvic
- abdominal
- cranial
terms of direction
- constant
- always assume anatomical position
flexion of thumb
-towards the other fingers
extension of thumb
-away from the other fingers
the lungs are ___ to the ribs
deep
articulate
two bones join together
scapula
-two bony bit sticks out- bony bit is a process
long bone
- has a head
- epiphysis
- diaphysis
- metaphysis
spongy bone
-cancellous bone
compact bone
- external bone
- periosteum- outermost layer
- no periosteum on articular joint surfaces, covered with hyaline cartilage instead
- endosteum- endosteum cover the inside of bones
joints
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
