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ANP 300 > Anatomical Terminology, General Osteology, and General Arthrology LAB 1 > Flashcards

Anatomical Terminology, General Osteology, and General Arthrology LAB 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Median Sagittal

A

-a vertical plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal left and right halves

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2
Q

(para)sagittal

A
  • any vertical plane parallel to the median sagittal plane
  • parasagittal plane
  • doesnt have to be equal halves
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3
Q

coronal

A

-any vertical plane perpendicular to the sagittal that divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions

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4
Q

transverse

A
  • with reference to the head, neck, and trunk: any horizontal plane that divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions
  • with reference to the limbs: any plane perpendicular to the long axis of the element
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5
Q

longitudinal

A

any plane that sections an element parallel to its long axis

  • imaginary axis going along a limb
  • A femur cut along its length in a close to coronal plane
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6
Q

superior or cranial

A

-refers to one structure being above or closer to the head than another

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7
Q

inferior or caudal

A

refers to one structure being below or closer to the feet or tail bone (coccyx) than another

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8
Q

anterior or ventral

A
  • refers to one structure being in front of another

- ventral = belly

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9
Q

posterior or dorsal

A

-refers to one structure being behind another

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10
Q

medial

A

refers to one structure being closer to the median sagittal plane than another

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11
Q

lateral

A

refers to one structure being farther away from the median sagittal plane than another

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12
Q

proximal

A

refers to a structure of the upper limb or lower limb that is closer to the root (attachment) of the limb than another

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13
Q

distal

A

refers to a structure of the upper or lower limb that is farther away from the root of the limb than another

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14
Q

palmar

A

the ventral surface (palm) of the hand or fingers

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15
Q

dorsal (hands and feet)

A
  • the dorsal surface (back) of the hand of fingers

- the dorsal surface (top) of the foot or toes

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16
Q

plantar

A

the ventral surface (bottom or sole) of the foot or toes

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17
Q

mesial

A

-toward the anterior midline (the midpoint between the two central incisor (front) teeth) of the dental arch

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18
Q

distal (teeth)

A

away from the anterior midline of the dental arch

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19
Q

lingual

A

toward the tongue

-used in reference to all teeth

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20
Q

labial

A

towards the lips

-used in reference to the premolars and molar

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21
Q

buccal

A

towards the cheeks

-used in reference to the premolars and molars

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22
Q

occlusal

A

the chewing surface that contacts the teeth in the other jaw

  • top of teeth
  • used in reference to the premolars and molars
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23
Q

superficial or external

A
  • refers to one structure being closer to the outside or exterior surface than another
  • the closer a structure is to the external environment, the more superficial it is said to be
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24
Q

deep or internal

A
  • refers to one structure being closer to the center or middle of the head, trunk, or limbs than another
  • the closer a structure is to the center, the deeper it is said to be
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25
Q

flexion

A

movement that decreases the angle between two parts

-usually a movement to a more anterior location from anatomical position (excludes flexion at knee)

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26
Q

extension

A
  • movement that increases the angle between two parts

- usually a movement to a more posterior location from anatomical position

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27
Q

abduction

A

movement of an appendage away from the median sagittal plane

  • raising your arms at your sides
  • fingers and toes: spread them away from the middle digit
  • thumb: moves anteriorly, away from the plane defined by the palm
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28
Q

adduction

A

movement of an appendage toward the median sagittal plane

  • bringing arms back down to your sides
  • fingers and toes: draws them together toward the middle digit
  • thumb: moves posteriorly, toward the plane define by the palm
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29
Q

rotation

A

-movement that occurs around a central axis of a body part

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30
Q

pronation

A

rotary movement of the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly (in extension) or inferiorly (in flexion)
-along the longitudinal axis

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31
Q

supination

A

rotary movement of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly (in extension) or superiorly (in flexion)
-along the longitudinal axis

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32
Q

eversion

A

turning the sole of the foot outward to face away from the midline (laterally)
-pronation

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33
Q

inversion

A

turning the sole of the foot inward to face toward the midline (medially)
-supination

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34
Q

plantarflexion

A

movement of the foot at the ankle so that the ball of the foot moves inferiorly, as when you stand on your toes

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35
Q

dorsiflexion

A

movement of the foot at the ankle so that the ball of the foot moves superiorly, as when you stand on your heels
-toes up

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36
Q

circumduction

A

movement of an appendage in a circular or cone-shaped path

-involves abduction, adduction, flexion, and extension

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37
Q

opposition

A

movement of the thumb to touch a fingertip

  • involves abduction, flexion, and medial rotation of the thumb
  • the opposite is called reposition
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38
Q

cancellous bone

A
  • located internal to compact bone
  • one of the two types of bone
  • spongy bone
  • RBC produced
  • deep to compact bone in proximal and distal ends
  • red marrow formed in the trabeculae
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39
Q

trabeculae

A
  • struts of bone that project toward the marrow cavity from the compact bone
  • increase in density toward the proximal and distal ends of long bones
  • spaces between trabeculae are filled with red marrow (RBC produced here)
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40
Q

periosteum

A
  • externally surrounds bones in layers of connective tissue
  • tendons of muscles attach to periosteum
  • no periosteum on articular joint surfaces (hyaline cartilage instead)
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41
Q

endosteum

A

-connective tissue that lines the surface of the bone that borders the marrow cavity

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42
Q

Haversian bone

A
  • makes up the bulk of compact bone in adults

- composed of individual osteons

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43
Q

haversian canal

A
  • at the center of each osteon
  • carries nerves and blood vessels
  • aka central canals
  • run longitudinally
44
Q

nutrient artery

A
  • large vessel that supplies many bones, especially those of the arm, forearm, thigh, and leg (bones are highly vascular)
  • enter the bone through the nutrient foramen
45
Q

diaphysis

A
  • tubular shaft in long bones
  • made up of compact bone that surrounds the medullary (marrow) cavity
  • yellow fatty marrow
46
Q

medullary cavity

A

-filled with fatty yellow marrow

47
Q

epiphysis

A
  • the end portion of a long bone that has a separate ossification center
  • some bones have many
  • long bones of the fingers and toes have only 1 epiphysis
48
Q

metaphysis

A
  • portion of a mature bone that separates the epiphysis and diaphysis
  • trabecula filled expansion
49
Q

epiphyseal (growth) plate

A
  • in subadult individual
  • cartilaginous (hyaline) -> becomes ossified
  • between the metaphysis and epiphysis
  • allows long bones to grow in length through proliferation of cartilage cells
  • most long bones have a proximal and distal epiphyses, but only one major focus of growth
50
Q

axial skeleton

A

-comprises the skull, the vertebral column (including the sacrum and coccyx), the hyoid bone, and the thoracic cage (ribs, the costal cartilage, the manubrium, and the sternum)

51
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

-comprises the pectoral girdle (the scapula and clavicle) and upper limb bones, pelvic girdle (the os coxae) and the lower limb bones

52
Q

tuberosity

A

-a large eminence

53
Q

tubercle

A

a small eminence

54
Q

trochanter

A

a large, very prominent eminence

55
Q

process

A

a bony prominence

-bony bit that sticks out

56
Q

articular surface

A

a joint surface

57
Q

facet

A

a small articular surface

58
Q

condyle

A

a rounded articular surface

59
Q

epicondyle

A

a nonarticular projection next to a condyle

60
Q

head

A

-a large, rounded end of a bone

61
Q

neck

A

the part between the head and diaphysis

-there is usually separate surgical and anatomical necks

62
Q

fossa

A

a shallow depression

-scapula has one

63
Q

foramen

A

a hole (a neurovascular opening)

64
Q

sulcus

A

a long, broad groove

-between the tubercles

65
Q

ossification

A
  • replaces cartilage cells with bone
  • occurs on the metaphyseal side of the growth plate
  • epiphyseal plate migrates away form the metaphysis during growth
  • epiphysis and metaphysis remain separated by growth plate until cellular proliferation stops and the cartilage becomes fully ossified -> epiphysis fuses with metaphysis and growth stops
66
Q

Fusion of epiphyses

A
  • epiphysis fuses with metaphysis when cellular proliferation stops and growth ceases
  • foot bones (Metatarsels & phalanges)- fusion as early as 12 years, but complete fusion may occur as late as 22 years
  • iliac crest- fusion as early as 16 years, but may complete fusion as late as 23 years
  • medial end of the clavicle- last epiphysis of the skeleton to fuse -> usually united between 25-30 years
  • useful to figure out skeleton age
67
Q

suture

A
  • the bones are connected by a dense layer of fibrous tissue that binds to the periosteum of each element
  • these are found in the skull
  • fibrous joint
68
Q

syndesmosis

A
  • the bones are connected by short collagenous interosseous ligaments
  • ex. shafts of the radius and ulna, shafts of the tibia and fibula, and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula
  • fibrous joint
69
Q

gomphosis

A
  • the joint is between the teeth and the bones of the face (maxilla and mandible)
  • the tooth root is connected to the walls of it socket by periodontal ligaments
  • fibrous joint
70
Q

synchondrosis

A
  • the bones are connected by a plate of hyaline cartilage
  • found between the metaphysis and epiphysis of a growing bone
  • intervening hyaline cartilage forms the growth plate
  • cartilaginous joint
71
Q

symphysis

A
  • the bones are connected by a pad of fibrocartilage, which permits a limited amount of movement
  • ex. the pubic symphysis of the pelvis and the intervertebral discs
  • cartilaginous joint
72
Q

joint

A
  • junction between two bones
  • joint structure determines the degree of movement that is permitted between the bones
  • classified by the type of tissue that connects the bones
  • 3 types:
  • fibrous
  • cartilaginous
  • synovial
73
Q

fibrous joints

A
  • joins bones by fibrous connective tissue
  • little if any movement takes place (synarthrosis)
  • 3 types:
  • suture- skull
  • syndesmosis
  • gomphosis
74
Q

cartilaginous joints

A
  • joins bones by hyaline cartilage or by fibrocartilage
  • classified by the type of cartilage
  • 2 types:
  • synchondrosis
  • symphysis
75
Q

synovial joints

A
  • freely moveable
  • most complex
  • adjoining bones are separated by a fluid filled chamber that facilitates free movement between articulating surfaces
  • range of motion and stability is dependent on the shape of the articulating bony surfaces, the strength of the ligaments that form and surround the joint capsule, and the tone of the muscles around the joint
  • hip, knee, elbow, jaw, shoulder
76
Q

articular cartilage

A

layer of hyaline cartilage that covers articular surface of adjacent bones

77
Q

joint capsule

A

enclose the articular surfaces and the space between them

78
Q

capsular ligament

A

-external part of the capsule that is composed of elastic fibers that stretch from one bone to the next

79
Q

synovial membrane

A

inside of the joint capsule

  • secretes a lubricating synovial fluid
  • does not cover the articular cartilage
80
Q

ligaments

A

-provide support and important sensory information about joint movement and position

81
Q

extracapsular ligaments

A
  • run between adjacent bones across the joint, do not form part of the capsule
  • reinforcement bands
  • ex. tibial and fibular collateral ligaments of the knee
82
Q

intracapsular ligaments

A
  • further strengthen the joint
  • traverse the joint capsule between the adjacent bones
  • ex. cruciate ligaments of the knee
83
Q

Bursae and tendon sheaths

A
  • fluid filled fibrous sacs that are generally found close to joints where tendons cross the joint
  • a tendon sheath is a tubular bursa sac that surrounds a tendon over part of its length
84
Q

bursa

A
  • a lubricating device that cushions a tendon as it crosses over bony or ligamentous surfaces
  • ex. subacromial bursa
85
Q

articular discs

A
  • plates of fibrocartilage
  • sometimes interposed between the articular surfaces of the bones within a joint capsule
  • attached firmly to the fibrous joint capsule
  • its surfaces are bathed by synovial fluid
  • ex. medial and lateral menisci of the knee
  • the sternoclavicular and temporomandibular joints also have articular discs
86
Q

anatomical position

A
  • standing upright
  • arms at the side
  • palms forward
87
Q

medial rotation

A
  • anterior surface faces medially

- turning palms towards (facing) your body

88
Q

lateral rotation

A
  • anterior surface faces laterally

- turning palm away from your body

89
Q

supination of hand

A

-anterior surface faces anteriorly or superiorly

90
Q

pronation of hand

A

-anterior surface faces posteriorly or inferiorly

91
Q

pitching- leg movement

A
  • extension
  • angle is increasing
  • leg extends
  • abduction of the shoulder joint
92
Q

opposition (of thumb)

A

-combination of flexion, abduction and medial rotation in sequence

93
Q

movement (of thumb)

A
  • flexion & extension

- adduction & abduction

94
Q

thorax

A
  • referring to the ribcage

- contains the thoracic cavity

95
Q

cavity

A
  • thoracic
  • pelvic
  • abdominal
  • cranial
96
Q

terms of direction

A
  • constant

- always assume anatomical position

97
Q

flexion of thumb

A

-towards the other fingers

98
Q

extension of thumb

A

-away from the other fingers

99
Q

the lungs are ___ to the ribs

A

deep

100
Q

articulate

A

two bones join together

101
Q

scapula

A

-two bony bit sticks out- bony bit is a process

102
Q

long bone

A
  • has a head
  • epiphysis
  • diaphysis
  • metaphysis
103
Q

spongy bone

A

-cancellous bone

104
Q

compact bone

A
  • external bone
  • periosteum- outermost layer
  • no periosteum on articular joint surfaces, covered with hyaline cartilage instead
  • endosteum- endosteum cover the inside of bones
105
Q

joints

A
  • fibrous
  • cartilaginous
  • synovial

ANP 300 (20 decks)

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