Anatomical Terminology, General Osteology, and General Arthrology LAB 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Median Sagittal
A
-a vertical plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal left and right halves
2
Q
(para)sagittal
A
- any vertical plane parallel to the median sagittal plane
- parasagittal plane
- doesnt have to be equal halves
3
Q
coronal
A
-any vertical plane perpendicular to the sagittal that divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions
4
Q
transverse
A
- with reference to the head, neck, and trunk: any horizontal plane that divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions
- with reference to the limbs: any plane perpendicular to the long axis of the element
5
Q
longitudinal
A
any plane that sections an element parallel to its long axis
- imaginary axis going along a limb
- A femur cut along its length in a close to coronal plane
6
Q
superior or cranial
A
-refers to one structure being above or closer to the head than another
7
Q
inferior or caudal
A
refers to one structure being below or closer to the feet or tail bone (coccyx) than another
8
Q
anterior or ventral
A
- refers to one structure being in front of another
- ventral = belly
9
Q
posterior or dorsal
A
-refers to one structure being behind another
10
Q
medial
A
refers to one structure being closer to the median sagittal plane than another
11
Q
lateral
A
refers to one structure being farther away from the median sagittal plane than another
12
Q
proximal
A
refers to a structure of the upper limb or lower limb that is closer to the root (attachment) of the limb than another
13
Q
distal
A
refers to a structure of the upper or lower limb that is farther away from the root of the limb than another
14
Q
palmar
A
the ventral surface (palm) of the hand or fingers
15
Q
dorsal (hands and feet)
A
- the dorsal surface (back) of the hand of fingers
- the dorsal surface (top) of the foot or toes
16
Q
plantar
A
the ventral surface (bottom or sole) of the foot or toes
17
Q
mesial
A
-toward the anterior midline (the midpoint between the two central incisor (front) teeth) of the dental arch
18
Q
distal (teeth)
A
away from the anterior midline of the dental arch
19
Q
lingual
A
toward the tongue
-used in reference to all teeth
20
Q
labial
A
towards the lips
-used in reference to the premolars and molar
21
Q
buccal
A
towards the cheeks
-used in reference to the premolars and molars
22
Q
occlusal
A
the chewing surface that contacts the teeth in the other jaw
- top of teeth
- used in reference to the premolars and molars
23
Q
superficial or external
A
- refers to one structure being closer to the outside or exterior surface than another
- the closer a structure is to the external environment, the more superficial it is said to be
24
Q
deep or internal
A
- refers to one structure being closer to the center or middle of the head, trunk, or limbs than another
- the closer a structure is to the center, the deeper it is said to be
25
flexion
movement that decreases the angle between two parts
| -usually a movement to a more anterior location from anatomical position (excludes flexion at knee)
26
extension
- movement that increases the angle between two parts
| - usually a movement to a more posterior location from anatomical position
27
abduction
movement of an appendage away from the median sagittal plane
- raising your arms at your sides
- fingers and toes: spread them away from the middle digit
- thumb: moves anteriorly, away from the plane defined by the palm
28
adduction
movement of an appendage toward the median sagittal plane
- bringing arms back down to your sides
- fingers and toes: draws them together toward the middle digit
- thumb: moves posteriorly, toward the plane define by the palm
29
rotation
-movement that occurs around a central axis of a body part
30
pronation
rotary movement of the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly (in extension) or inferiorly (in flexion)
-along the longitudinal axis
31
supination
rotary movement of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly (in extension) or superiorly (in flexion)
-along the longitudinal axis
32
eversion
turning the sole of the foot outward to face away from the midline (laterally)
-pronation
33
inversion
turning the sole of the foot inward to face toward the midline (medially)
-supination
34
plantarflexion
movement of the foot at the ankle so that the ball of the foot moves inferiorly, as when you stand on your toes
35
dorsiflexion
movement of the foot at the ankle so that the ball of the foot moves superiorly, as when you stand on your heels
-toes up
36
circumduction
movement of an appendage in a circular or cone-shaped path
| -involves abduction, adduction, flexion, and extension
37
opposition
movement of the thumb to touch a fingertip
- involves abduction, flexion, and medial rotation of the thumb
- the opposite is called reposition
38
cancellous bone
- located internal to compact bone
- one of the two types of bone
- spongy bone
- RBC produced
- deep to compact bone in proximal and distal ends
- red marrow formed in the trabeculae
39
trabeculae
- struts of bone that project toward the marrow cavity from the compact bone
- increase in density toward the proximal and distal ends of long bones
- spaces between trabeculae are filled with red marrow (RBC produced here)
40
periosteum
- externally surrounds bones in layers of connective tissue
- tendons of muscles attach to periosteum
- no periosteum on articular joint surfaces (hyaline cartilage instead)
41
endosteum
-connective tissue that lines the surface of the bone that borders the marrow cavity
42
Haversian bone
- makes up the bulk of compact bone in adults
| - composed of individual osteons
43
haversian canal
- at the center of each osteon
- carries nerves and blood vessels
- aka central canals
- run longitudinally
44
nutrient artery
- large vessel that supplies many bones, especially those of the arm, forearm, thigh, and leg (bones are highly vascular)
- enter the bone through the nutrient foramen
45
diaphysis
- tubular shaft in long bones
- made up of compact bone that surrounds the medullary (marrow) cavity
- yellow fatty marrow
46
medullary cavity
-filled with fatty yellow marrow
47
epiphysis
- the end portion of a long bone that has a separate ossification center
- some bones have many
- long bones of the fingers and toes have only 1 epiphysis
48
metaphysis
- portion of a mature bone that separates the epiphysis and diaphysis
- trabecula filled expansion
49
epiphyseal (growth) plate
- in subadult individual
- cartilaginous (hyaline) -> becomes ossified
- between the metaphysis and epiphysis
- allows long bones to grow in length through proliferation of cartilage cells
- most long bones have a proximal and distal epiphyses, but only one major focus of growth
50
axial skeleton
-comprises the skull, the vertebral column (including the sacrum and coccyx), the hyoid bone, and the thoracic cage (ribs, the costal cartilage, the manubrium, and the sternum)
51
appendicular skeleton
-comprises the pectoral girdle (the scapula and clavicle) and upper limb bones, pelvic girdle (the os coxae) and the lower limb bones
52
tuberosity
-a large eminence
53
tubercle
a small eminence
54
trochanter
a large, very prominent eminence
55
process
a bony prominence
| -bony bit that sticks out
56
articular surface
a joint surface
57
facet
a small articular surface
58
condyle
a rounded articular surface
59
epicondyle
a nonarticular projection next to a condyle
60
head
-a large, rounded end of a bone
61
neck
the part between the head and diaphysis
| -there is usually separate surgical and anatomical necks
62
fossa
a shallow depression
| -scapula has one
63
foramen
a hole (a neurovascular opening)
64
sulcus
a long, broad groove
| -between the tubercles
65
ossification
- replaces cartilage cells with bone
- occurs on the metaphyseal side of the growth plate
- epiphyseal plate migrates away form the metaphysis during growth
- epiphysis and metaphysis remain separated by growth plate until cellular proliferation stops and the cartilage becomes fully ossified -> epiphysis fuses with metaphysis and growth stops
66
Fusion of epiphyses
- epiphysis fuses with metaphysis when cellular proliferation stops and growth ceases
- foot bones (Metatarsels & phalanges)- fusion as early as 12 years, but complete fusion may occur as late as 22 years
- iliac crest- fusion as early as 16 years, but may complete fusion as late as 23 years
- medial end of the clavicle- last epiphysis of the skeleton to fuse -> usually united between 25-30 years
- useful to figure out skeleton age
67
suture
- the bones are connected by a dense layer of fibrous tissue that binds to the periosteum of each element
- these are found in the skull
- fibrous joint
68
syndesmosis
- the bones are connected by short collagenous interosseous ligaments
- ex. shafts of the radius and ulna, shafts of the tibia and fibula, and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula
- fibrous joint
69
gomphosis
- the joint is between the teeth and the bones of the face (maxilla and mandible)
- the tooth root is connected to the walls of it socket by periodontal ligaments
- fibrous joint
70
synchondrosis
- the bones are connected by a plate of hyaline cartilage
- found between the metaphysis and epiphysis of a growing bone
- intervening hyaline cartilage forms the growth plate
- cartilaginous joint
71
symphysis
- the bones are connected by a pad of fibrocartilage, which permits a limited amount of movement
- ex. the pubic symphysis of the pelvis and the intervertebral discs
- cartilaginous joint
72
joint
- junction between two bones
- joint structure determines the degree of movement that is permitted between the bones
- classified by the type of tissue that connects the bones
- 3 types:
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
73
fibrous joints
- joins bones by fibrous connective tissue
- little if any movement takes place (synarthrosis)
- 3 types:
- suture- skull
- syndesmosis
- gomphosis
74
cartilaginous joints
- joins bones by hyaline cartilage or by fibrocartilage
- classified by the type of cartilage
- 2 types:
- synchondrosis
- symphysis
75
synovial joints
- freely moveable
- most complex
- adjoining bones are separated by a fluid filled chamber that facilitates free movement between articulating surfaces
- range of motion and stability is dependent on the shape of the articulating bony surfaces, the strength of the ligaments that form and surround the joint capsule, and the tone of the muscles around the joint
- hip, knee, elbow, jaw, shoulder
76
articular cartilage
layer of hyaline cartilage that covers articular surface of adjacent bones
77
joint capsule
enclose the articular surfaces and the space between them
78
capsular ligament
-external part of the capsule that is composed of elastic fibers that stretch from one bone to the next
79
synovial membrane
inside of the joint capsule
- secretes a lubricating synovial fluid
- does not cover the articular cartilage
80
ligaments
-provide support and important sensory information about joint movement and position
81
extracapsular ligaments
- run between adjacent bones across the joint, do not form part of the capsule
- reinforcement bands
- ex. tibial and fibular collateral ligaments of the knee
82
intracapsular ligaments
- further strengthen the joint
- traverse the joint capsule between the adjacent bones
- ex. cruciate ligaments of the knee
83
Bursae and tendon sheaths
- fluid filled fibrous sacs that are generally found close to joints where tendons cross the joint
- a tendon sheath is a tubular bursa sac that surrounds a tendon over part of its length
84
bursa
- a lubricating device that cushions a tendon as it crosses over bony or ligamentous surfaces
- ex. subacromial bursa
85
articular discs
- plates of fibrocartilage
- sometimes interposed between the articular surfaces of the bones within a joint capsule
- attached firmly to the fibrous joint capsule
- its surfaces are bathed by synovial fluid
- ex. medial and lateral menisci of the knee
- the sternoclavicular and temporomandibular joints also have articular discs
86
anatomical position
- standing upright
- arms at the side
- palms forward
87
medial rotation
- anterior surface faces medially
| - turning palms towards (facing) your body
88
lateral rotation
- anterior surface faces laterally
| - turning palm away from your body
89
supination of hand
-anterior surface faces anteriorly or superiorly
90
pronation of hand
-anterior surface faces posteriorly or inferiorly
91
pitching- leg movement
- extension
- angle is increasing
- leg extends
- abduction of the shoulder joint
92
opposition (of thumb)
-combination of flexion, abduction and medial rotation in sequence
93
movement (of thumb)
- flexion & extension
| - adduction & abduction
94
thorax
- referring to the ribcage
| - contains the thoracic cavity
95
cavity
- thoracic
- pelvic
- abdominal
- cranial
96
terms of direction
- constant
| - always assume anatomical position
97
flexion of thumb
-towards the other fingers
98
extension of thumb
-away from the other fingers
99
the lungs are ___ to the ribs
deep
100
articulate
two bones join together
101
scapula
-two bony bit sticks out- bony bit is a process
102
long bone
- has a head
- epiphysis
- diaphysis
- metaphysis
103
spongy bone
-cancellous bone
104
compact bone
- external bone
- periosteum- outermost layer
- no periosteum on articular joint surfaces, covered with hyaline cartilage instead
- endosteum- endosteum cover the inside of bones
105
joints
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
