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revision > Untitled Deck > Flashcards

Untitled Deck Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

A

The RER is involved in protein synthesis and transport within the cell.

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2
Q

Which organelle is responsible for energy production in cells?

A

Mitochondria, through aerobic respiration.

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3
Q

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in living organisms?

A

To provide energy through processes like respiration.

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4
Q

What type of bond is formed during the condensation reaction between two amino acids?

A

A peptide bond.

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5
Q

How do enzymes speed up biochemical reactions?

A

By lowering the activation energy required for the reaction.

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6
Q

What is the term for the model describing enzyme-substrate interaction?

A

Induced fit model.

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7
Q

What is the primary structure of a cell membrane?

A

A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

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8
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of high water potential to low water potential.

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9
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of substances against their concentration gradient using energy from ATP.

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10
Q

How does facilitated diffusion differ from simple diffusion?

A

Facilitated diffusion requires specific transport proteins to move molecules across the membrane.

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11
Q

What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

A

It carries the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes for translation.

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12
Q

Define ‘allele.’

A

An alternative form of a gene found at a specific locus on a chromosome.

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13
Q

What is the primary function of antibodies?

A

To recognize and bind to specific antigens to neutralize pathogens.

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14
Q

What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

A

Innate immunity is non-specific and immediate, while adaptive immunity is specific and develops over time.

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15
Q

What is a trophic level?

A

A position in a food chain occupied by a group of organisms with similar feeding modes.

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16
Q

Define ‘biomass.’

A

The total mass of living material in a specific area at a given time.

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17
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate, ATP, and NADH.

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18
Q

What is the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration?

A

It acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.

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19
Q

What is the main pigment involved in photosynthesis?

A

Chlorophyll.

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20
Q

In which part of the chloroplast does the Calvin cycle occur?

A

The stroma.

21
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or use within the cell.

22
Q

Which type of microscope has the highest resolution?

A

Electron microscope.

23
Q

What is the main function of ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis.

24
Q

What is the bond formed between two monosaccharides during a condensation reaction?

A

A glycosidic bond.

25
Q

What is the test for starch, and what is a positive result?

A

Iodine solution; a blue-black color indicates starch is present.

26
Q

What is the main structural difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbon atoms; unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.

27
Q

What is denaturation in enzymes?

A

The loss of an enzyme’s functional shape due to factors like extreme temperature or pH.

28
Q

What term describes the movement of molecules from a high to a low concentration?

A

Diffusion.

29
Q

What is the role of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

A

It maintains membrane fluidity and stability.

30
Q

How is a nerve impulse transmitted across a synapse?

A

By neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic neuron and binding to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.

31
Q

What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

A

To bring specific amino acids to the ribosome based on the codon sequence of mRNA.

32
Q

What is meant by the term ‘semi-conservative replication’?

A

Each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.

33
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microorganism that causes disease.

34
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

The process by which cells engulf and digest large particles or pathogens.

35
Q

What is the significance of the surface area to volume ratio in cells?

A

It limits cell size because a larger ratio allows for more efficient exchange of materials with the environment.

36
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes that have the same genes in the same order but may have different alleles.

37
Q

What is the role of the vacuole in plant cells?

A

Stores nutrients, waste products, and helps maintain turgor pressure.

38
Q

What is the function of the xylem in plants?

A

To transport water and minerals from the roots to other parts of the plant.

39
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The loss of water vapor from the aerial parts of a plant, primarily through the stomata.

40
Q

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces more ATP, while anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen and produces less ATP.

41
Q

What is the role of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration?

A

They carry electrons to the electron transport chain for ATP production.

42
Q

What is the function of guard cells?

A

To control the opening and closing of stomata for gas exchange and water regulation.

43
Q

What is eutrophication, and how is it caused?

A

The excessive growth of algae in water due to nutrient enrichment, often caused by runoff from fertilizers.

44
Q

What are the main differences between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA is double-stranded, contains deoxyribose, and uses thymine, while RNA is single-stranded, contains ribose, and uses uracil.

45
Q

What are the four bases of DNA?

A

Adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.

46
Q

What is the main product of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

A

ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.

47
Q

What is the role of ATP in cells?

A

It acts as an energy carrier for various cellular processes.

48
Q

What is the structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls?

A

Cellulose.

49
Q

What is the difference between competitive and non-competitive enzyme inhibitors?

A

Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site, while non-competitive inhibitors bind to an allosteric site.

revision (14 decks)

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