exchange and transport Flashcards
what is a alveoli?
Tiny air sacs that serve as the primary gaseous exchange surface. They consist of a thin epithelial cell layer, collagen and elastic fibres
what is the breathing rate?
the number of breaths per minute
what are bronchi?
divisions of the trachae that lead into the lungs, small tubes supported by incomplete rings cartilage
what are bonchioles?
many small divisions of the bronchi, contain smooth muscle to restrict airflow to the lungs, do not contain cartilage, lined with a thin layer of epithelial cells
what are cartilages?
strong, flexible connective tissue that supports the walls of the trachae and bronchi, preventing collapse, dound in an incomplete ring shape
what are ciliated epithelial cells???
Specialised cells with tiny hair-like cilia found lining the trachea that
waft bacteria-containing mucus up to the back of the throat, where it is swallowed
what is counter current flow?
An adaptation for gaseous exchange in bony fish. Blood in the gill
filaments and water moving over the gills flow in opposite directions, maintaining a steepoxygen concentration gradient.
what are elastic fibers??
fibres of elastin that allow the alveoli to stretch as air is drawn into them and recoil back to normal size, expelling air, found in trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
what is the process of diffusion?
the net movement of particles across a gradient of higher particle concentration to lower particle concentration
movement of the body during expiration?
- external intercostal muscles relax forcing gases to flow out of the lungs
- diaphragm relaxes and returns into dome like shape
- ribs move downwards and inwards
movement of the body during inspiration?
- intercostal muscles, along with superior serratus and posterior muscles, act to decrease the air pressure inside it, sucking air into the lungs
- ribs move upwards and outwards
- diaphragm contracts and pulls downwards
what are the three aspects of gill respiration?
- gill filaments
- gill lamellae
- gill plates
what are gill filaments?
the main site of gaseous exchange in fish, water flows over the site.
found in large stacks called gill plates and have gill lamellae to increase surface area
gill plates definition
large stacks of gill filaments
gill lamellae definition
fine branches of gill filaments, adapted for gaseous exchange with good blow flow and a large surface area
