disease

Question 1

antibody functions (there is 5)

Answer 1

combine with viruses or toxins of pathogens to block them,
opsonisation,
attach to flagella or tail of bacteria making them less active,
act as agglutinins,
create holes in the pathogens cell walls causing lysis

Question 2

opsonisation

Answer 2

when antibodies can attach to bacteria making them readily identifiable to phagocytes, the phagocyte has receptor proteins for the heavy polypeptide chains of the antibodies, enabling phagocytosis

Question 3

aglutinisation

Answer 3

cause pathogens carrying antigen-antibody complexes to clump together, reducing the chance that the pathogen will spread through the body, and makes it easier to perform phagocytosis on a mass scale

Question 4

primary immune response

Answer 4

responds to the first occassion a pathogen is encountered, can take up to 14 days to resolve ad leads to the creation of memory cells

Question 5

secondary immune response

Answer 5

response to a pathogen entering the body again, memory cells created in the first encounter are used to destroy and remove the cells very quickly

Question 6

T- lymphoytes

Answer 6

differentiate into memory cells, producing
-memory helper t cells
-memory killer t cells
provide long term immunity, and become active very quickly when needed

Question 7

immunological memory

Answer 7

formed from memory cells after an infection, provide immunity for many years, sometimes even a lifetime. this immunity comes from the memory cells providing the necessary antibodies to defeat the pathogen

Question 8

disease transmission

Answer 8

the transfer of pathogens from an infected host to an uninfected host.
neccaisary for a population of pathogens to survive

Question 9

infective stage

Answer 9

during disease transmission the pathogens produce a large number of individuals to increase the likelihood that some will find a new host and survive

Question 10

contact between individuals

Answer 10

pathogens can be transferred through physical contact, or even just close proximity

Question 11

example of plant disease spread by contact between individuals

Answer 11

leaves of a plant infected with tobacco mosaic that touch leaves of an uninfected plant, transmit particles of the virus

Question 12

example of animal disease spread by proximity between individuals

Answer 12

influenza virus is spread by tiny air droplets of water expelled by an infected individual, if they are breathed in by an uninfected individual then the pathogens are inhaled