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biology Flashcards

mock revison

1
Q

what is cellulose cell wall structure and function

A

made of cellulose fibres, is on the outside of plasma membrane.
provides strength, support, cell shape, and is also permeable

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2
Q

what is the structure and function of lysosomes

A

small bags formed from the Golgi apparatus, contain hydrolytic enzymes phagocytic cells neutrophils and macrophages.
digest old cell organelles and foreign matter

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3
Q

what is chloroplasts structure and function

A

large organelles, surrounded by double membrane in which contains stacks of flattened membrane sacks, only found in plant cells, contain loops of DNA and starch grains.
chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis

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4
Q

what are the basics of prokaryotic cells

A
  • divide by binary fission
  • no membrane bound organelles
  • share some features with eukaryotic cells
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5
Q

what are reducing sugars properties

A

unlike non reducing sugars, reducing sugars can donate electrons making the sugars a reducing agent
CAN be identified with Benedict’s test

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6
Q

what are non-reducing sugars properties

A

cannot donate electrons, CANNOT be identified with the Benedict’s test

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7
Q

what are prosthetic groups

A

cofactors which are permanently bound to the enzyme as the enzyme cannot work without it

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8
Q

carbohydrate: sugars

A

-monosaccharides, the basis for sugars
-function as source of energy
-glucose is a sugar and a reactant in respiration
-polysaccharides, chains of monomers, make good energy stores

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9
Q

properties of water

A
  • liquid
  • doesn’t become more dense when it becomes colder
  • ideal living condition for organisms
  • good solvent
  • high specific heat capacity
  • high latent heat of vaporisation
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10
Q

what is cholesterol function

A

stabilise reactions between phospholipids,
prevent membrane from becoming too fluid or too flexible

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11
Q

what is amylopectins structure and function

A

highly branched, stored in plant starch granules.
stores glucose for later use as an energy store

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12
Q

what is a cell plasma membranes structure and function

A

formed of phospholipids which heads are hydrophilic and face the outside and hydrophobic tails which point inwards forming a barrier, its main function is to protect the cell from its surroundings

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13
Q

what are ester bonds

A

form between glycerol and fatty acid chains, formed through condensation reactions, broken by hydrolysis

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14
Q

amino acids structure

A

N-C-C body
carboxylic group and amine group
‘R’ group which represents amino acids

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15
Q

what are the basics of lipids

A

-insoluble in water
-soluble in organic solvents (such as chloroform)
-comprised of fatty acids and glycerol (or other alcohol backbones)
-maintain cell membranes stability and fluidity

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16
Q

chemical elements in biological molecules

A

hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
phosphorus
sulfur

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17
Q

what are peptide bonds

A

-bond formed between two amino acids
-covalent bond
-condensation reaction

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18
Q

what are Polysaccharides

A

-macro molecule
-formed by many monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds (in condensation reactions)
-optimized for either storage or quick usage

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19
Q

what are exons and introns

A

Introns are the non coding stretches of DNA while exons are the coding regions of the DNA

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20
Q

what are pyrimidines

A

-cytosine and thymine
-one carbon nitrogen ring bases

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21
Q

what are purines

A

-adenine, guanine and uracil (in RNA)
-two carbon nitrogen ring bases

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22
Q

what is semi conservative replication of DNA

A

helps ensure genetic continuity between cells

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23
Q

what is gene transcription

A

when mRNA takes a transcription (opposite copy(because of base pairing)) and moves out side of the nucleus to the ribosomes

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24
Q

what was the Meselson and Stahl experiment

A

demonstrated the semi conservative replication of DNA,
said each daughter DNA molecule contains one new daughter sub unit and one sub unit conserved from the parental DNA molecule

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25
Q

what are polypeptides

A

a polymer formed of several amino acids joined with peptide bonds, basis of proteins,proteins may contain one or many polypeptide chains

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26
Q

what are metabolic pathways

A

a set of interactions between genes and their products which results in the formation or change of products in the system

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27
Q

factors affecting enzyme activity

A

increasing or decreasing the temperature or pH outside of the optimum range can effect chemical bonds within the active site decreasing the rate of reaction, extreme changes can even effect the protein structure of the enzymes

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28
Q

what is active transport

A

the movement of molecules across a biological membrane with the use of ATP or carrier proteins, against the concentration gradient

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29
Q

what are semi permeable membranes

A

a membrane which only allows certain materials to pass through, different from permeable membranes which allow everything to pass through

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30
Q

what’s a cell plasma membrane

A

formed from phospholipids with hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads, has cholesterol to keep the plasma membranes fluidity stable, also contains proteins to help molecules to travel in and out of the membrane

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31
Q

what is water potential

A

-measure of the free energy of water molecules and the tendency for water to move
-measured in kilopascals

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32
Q

what is osmosis

A

the net movement of water from a high concentration to low concentration through a partially permeable membrane

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33
Q

what’s turgidness

A

the cellular phenomenon of cell swelling because of the absorption of high fluid content, cells take up water and it gets stored in vacuoles resulting in swelling of cells

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34
Q

what are the cell phases

A

G1: increase in size
S: copies its DNA
G2: prepares to divide
M: divides

35
Q

the methods of asexual reproduction

A

-binary fission
-budding
-fragmentation
-(vegetative propagation)
-(sporogenesis)

36
Q

what are recombinant chromosomes

A

during sexual reproduction chromosomes are passed onto the offspring they can either be passed as is or undergo recombination (recombining of genes usually occurs with specified genes replacing whats missing)

37
Q

what are chromatids

A

a chromatid has two arms which are held together by a centromere
in most eukaryotes sister chromatids which are almost identical are joined

38
Q

what are the three main types if muscle

A

cardiac- found only in heart
smooth- in walls of blood vessels and intestines
skeletal- attached to bones to enable movement

39
Q

whats cytokinesis

A

final step of mitosis, when daughter cell completely divides into two daughter cells (as the cytoplasm and cell membrane separate)

40
Q

what is the procedure of mitosis

A

prophase- chromosomes condense and nuclear envelope disintegrates
metaphase- chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and spindle fibres attach to them
anaphase- spindle fibres pull the chromosomes to adjacent sides of the cell
telophase- the nuclear envelope reforms resulting in two identical daughter cells

41
Q

what is meristematic tissue

A

-only in plants
-cells capable of division, growth and differentiation
-plant version of stem cells

42
Q

what and where are checkpoints in the cell cycle

A

one of several points on the cell cycle in which the new stage of the cycle begins, progression can be halted and reverted to the checkpoints if the cells aren’t seemed to be “to standard”.
located at G1, G2/M, and during metaphase

43
Q

difference between meiosis 1 and 2

A

meiosis 1= number of cells doubled but not number of chromosomes resulting in half as many chromosomes per cell

meiosis 2= similar to mitosis, number of chromosomes isn’t reduced

44
Q

what are antibodies

A

proteins produced in the immune system to combat foreign substances (such as viruses or bacteria)

45
Q

what are T helper cells

A

-produced by thymus
-sense infection in the body
-then activate other immune cells to combat the infection

46
Q

what are T killer cells

A

-produced by thymus
-destroy any cells infected with the pathogen

47
Q

what are T memory cells

A

-produced by thymus
- remain in bloodstream
- their incase whether infection/virus was to re-enter the body
- increases speed of combating threat

48
Q

what is herd immunity

A

when the majority of a population gets vaccinated against a pathogen.
the pathogens chain of infection is broken as it can no longer pass from person to person

49
Q

HIV and its replication

A

HIV will “infest” a cell and use its normal transcription machinery to transcribe DNA into new HIV RNA

50
Q

what are spiracles opened by

A

sphincters

51
Q

what are some amino acids made from

A

GP

52
Q

how do biosensors work

A

biological molecule produce signal, chemical, which is converted to an electrical signal by a transducer and is then processed

53
Q

what are rhizomes

A

modified stems

54
Q

what are herbacecous dicots

A

plants with a short life span and soft tissues

55
Q

fibrillation

A

loss of coordination or control of heartbeat

56
Q

iodine test method

A

add iodine dissolved in KI solution

57
Q

myogenic

A

can contract without receiving signals from cells

58
Q

template strand also known as

A

antisense strand

59
Q

how do enzymes work

A

lower the activation energy by creating a transition state between the enzyme and the substrate that is more stable than the uncatalysed reaction

60
Q

what are the key stages of expiration

A

-intercostal muscles relax moving the ribs down and in
-air moves down a pressure gradient from the lungs into the atmosphere
-lungs compress

61
Q

why do bony fish require a specialized respiratory system

A

-a single circulatory system
-water is denser than air so rate of oxygen diffusion is lower

62
Q

what is the expiratory reserve volume

A

the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled above a normal exhalation

63
Q

what are the key features of gills that maximize gas exchange

A

-high surface area to volume ratio
-counter current flow and good blood flow
-thin lamella membranes minimizing diffusion difference
-overlapping gill filaments tips increase resistance to water and slow the water flow allowing for more time for diffusion

64
Q

what are key features of alveoli and how do these make them well adapted for gas exchange

A

-surrounded by blood capillaries
-one cell thick walls
-steep diffusion gradient
-high surface area to volume ratio
-partially permeable

65
Q

what is the structure of smooth muscle

A

-some gaps
-not tightly fitted together
-contract in rings, cells will move past each over slightly

66
Q

what is the pacemaker region of the heart

A

SAN

67
Q

what is lung surfactant

A

makes it possible for alveoli to remain inflated

68
Q

what does myogenic mean

A

cells which contract without receiving signals from nerves

69
Q

which band stays the same length during muscle contraction

A

the A band

70
Q

what controls cell elongation

A

IAA / auxins

71
Q

what are dicotyledonous plants characteristics

A

-make seeds that contain two cotyledons
(organs that act as food stores for developing embryo plant and will form their first leaf when seeds have germinated)

72
Q

simple diffusion

A

diffusion in the absence of a barrier or membrane

73
Q

QRS complex?

A

ventricular stryole

74
Q

what inhibits leaf loss

A

ABA (absisic acid)

75
Q

how does 5% of co2 transported reach the lungs

A

dissolved in the plasma

76
Q

po2 of respiring tissue?

A

5 or 3 during exercise

77
Q

what is the function of tracheal fluids

A

limits air being able to make its way through for diffusion

78
Q

what is the irreversible inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase

A

cyanide

79
Q

what are examples of coenzymes

A

NADH, FADH2,CoQ10

80
Q

what is the prosthetic group for carbonic anhydrase

A

Zn 2+

81
Q

trachea are lined by what?

A

spirals of chitin, keep them open if bent or pressed, relatively impermeable to gases

82
Q

hypotonic solution

A

a solution with a higher water potential then the cells surrounding it

83
Q

what is the products of photosynthesis

A

assimilates

84
Q
A

revision (6 decks)

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