Unti 3 - Topic 5 Flashcards by Wani Ader

Early 1800s
1930s
1975
1999
Now

About 1 billion ppl 
Doubled 
Doubled
6 billion
7 billion

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Non-persistent pollutants

Wastes that can be broken down into simple non-polluting compounds by naturally occurring chemical reactions, or bacterial action

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Persistent pollutants

Accumulate in environment

Break down slowly, or perhaps not at all

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Examples of np

Fertilizers
Sewage
Organic matter
Fruits and veggies

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Examples of p

Pesticides
Petroleum products
Heavy metal wastes

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Damage caused by … irreversible

Persistent pollutants

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Most pollutants eventually find way into … through …

Water 
Washed out of atmosphere by
- Acid precipitation 
- Normal precipitation 
Direct seepage

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Honeybee colonies used

Indicate presence of hazardous materials in environment

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Why honeybees used for monitoring

Live under many dif environmental conditions

Colonies introduced almost anywhere hazardous substances suspected

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Electronic beehives

University of Montana
Provide useful info about environment
Record every bees behaviour

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Bees behaviour includes

How often it flies
Pollen gathered
How bees control environment in hives

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Pollutants brought into hives detected using

Electronic instruments attached to hives

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Most likely source of phosphorus

Phosphates

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Phosphates occur naturally

In most soil and water below 0.5 ppm

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Nitrogen available most often in

Nitrates

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Clean water naturally contains

0.1-0.3 ppm of nitrates

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Excessive amount of nitrates in water

Usually sign of decomposition of organic matter

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Algae

Type of aquatic micro-organism capable of photosynthesis

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Algal bloom

Dense growth of algae
Result of excess phosphates and nitrates that enter water sources from Sewage and run-off
Proper
Large increase in pop of algae due to increased level of nutrients in water system

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When algae dies

Decomposition of it leads to low levels of 02

Leads to death/injury f aquatic animals

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Pungent decay smell indicates

Process of algal bloom occurring

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Water-quality technicians/dye

Used frequently tot rack movement of wastes in sewage systems
Used to locate pipes needing repair

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Dyes problems and temporary solution

Hard to spot in large systems

Caffeine suggested

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Caffeine problem

No natural occurrence in environment apart from human waste
Study in Seattle, Washington found two-thirds test sites polluted w/ caffeine
Motorists and coffee-stand operators dumping cold coffee into sewer systems
Dye method had to remain in place

Softeners

Usually sodium carbonate In laundry and dishwater detergents Help soaps remain effective in hard water

Hard water contains

Calcium, magnesium p, and/or iron salts

Salts in hard water

React w/ soap suds to form curds and reduce cleaning power of soap Binds to carbonate instead of soap suds

Turbulent water

More oxygen mixed into it

Temperature/dissolved oxygen

Temp. Affects how much dissolved oxygen can be held in water

Biological indicators

Living organism whose states are indicative of conditions of conditions in particular environment

Pollution … amount of dissolved 02 in water

Decreases

Pollutants/animals in area

Decrease # and variety of organism s in affected area

Clean zone

``` 8ppm Trout Perch Bass Mayfly Stonefly Caddies fly larvae ```

Decomp. Zone

Oxygen sag Carp Catfish Leeches

Septic Zone

``` Nastiest 2 ppm No fish Sludge worms Idle and mosquito larvae ```

Recovery Zone

``` Oxygen increases Carp Catfish Leeches Isopods ```

Macroinvertebrates

Organisms visible to unaided eye | Having no backbone

Macroinvertebrates examples

``` Crustaceans Molluscs Gastropoda Oligochaetes Insects ```

Crustaceans

Crayfish

Molluscs

Clams | Mussels

Gastropods

Snails

Oligochaetes

Worms

Most numerous form of macroinvertebrates

Larval forms of insects | So focus of most stream surveys

Good quality (8-10 ppm)

``` Stonefly nymph Mayfly nymph Caddisfly larvae Water penny beetle Riffle beetle Gilled snail ```

Moderate quality (4-8 ppm)

``` Dragonfly nymph Damselfly nymph Cranefly nymph Clams and mussels Sow bug Crayfish ```

Poor quality (0-4 ppm)

``` Midge larvae Blackfly larvae Pouch snail Leech Aquatic worm Planorbid snail ```

Lichens

Rootless organisms | Combination fo fungus and green alga or phot-synthetic bacteria

One of hardiest organisms found on Earth

Lichen

Lichens absorb all of nutrients

Directly from atmosphere

Lichens cannot tolerate

Poor quality air

Early warning system using lichens

Presence or absence of specific lichen varieties alerts scientists to presence of pollutants in area long before other organisms affected

Point sources

Specific locations pollutants originate

Point source examples

``` Drainpipes Smokestacks Sewer out talks Industrial effluent pipes Acid draining out of abandoned mines ```

Non-point sources

Source of pollution in which pollutants diffuse and originate from no specific location

Non-point source examples

``` Feedlots Golf courses Busy highways Construction sights Fertilized fields Acid rain ```

Type of pollutant harder to control + why

Non-point | Emissions don’t occur regularly

Water pollution occurs w/

Bank erosion and bacterial deposition

Algae may occur

Seasonally or due to pollution