Unit 1 - Topic 5

Question 1

DNA

Answer 1

Deoxyribonucleic acid
Molecule storing genetic info for heritable traits
Directs structures and functions of cells
Genetic material
Found in nucleus

Question 2

DNA functions

Answer 2

Controls formation of cells
Controls products cells release
Controls everything cells do

Question 3

Chromosomes

Answer 3

Tightly packed strands of DNA visible under a light microscope during cell division

Question 4

Structure of DNA

Answer 4

Shape of coiled ladder

Question 5

Components of DNA

Answer 5

Sides of ladder -> alternating subunits called sugars and phosphates
Rungs of ladder -> pairs of nitrogen bases

Question 6

Nitrogen bases

Answer 6

Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)

Question 7

Nitrogen base pairs

Answer 7

A forms chemicals bonds w/ T

C bonds w/ G

Question 8

Nucleotides

Answer 8

Each made of phosphate, sugar, and a nitrogen base

Question 9

Amount of nucleotides in DNA

Answer 9

Thousands

Question 10

Gene

Answer 10

Section of DNA on chromosome that codes for specific protein and function

Question 11

Human genome

Answer 11

Total code for human DNA

Contains about 3.0 x 10^9 pairs of bases

Question 12

Genes per person

Answer 12

30 000

Question 13

Typical gene having … base pairs

Answer 13

3000

Question 14

Chromosomes in dogs and tomatoes

Answer 14

78

24

Question 15

Cells in multicellular organisms divide for

Answer 15

Growth of organisms

Repair and replacement of tissues

Question 16

Somatic cells

Answer 16

Body cells, not including reproductive cells

Question 17

30-50 yrs

Answer 17

Brain cells

Question 18

120 days

Answer 18

Red blood cells

Question 19

2 days

Answer 19

Stomach lining cells

Question 20

200 days

Answer 20

Liver cells

Question 21

3 days

Answer 21

Intestine lining cells

Question 22

20 days

Answer 22

Skin cells

Question 23

of cells found in body

Answer 23

60 trillion to 100 million million

Question 24

Mitosis

Answer 24

Process of cell devised in somatic cells
Each chromosome is duplicated then cell divides
Each cell ends up with comp,eye set of chromosomes

Question 25

Sex cells synonyms

Answer 25

Gametes Sperm and eggs Reproductive cells

Question 26

Meiosis

Answer 26

Process of forming new gametes Chromosomes duplicated Then cell division occurs twice Gametes only have 23 chromosomes

Question 27

Why sexual reproduction increases variation within species

Answer 27

Randomly dividing 23 pairs of chromosomes creates possibility of 8.4 million (2^23) combos

Question 28

Two sex chromosomes

Answer 28

Large X and smaller Y Females have two X Males have one X and one Y

Question 29

Sex of offspring dependent on

Answer 29

Sperm fertilizing egg

Question 30

Aging

Answer 30

Inability to replace old, worn-out, or damaged cells | Each time cell reproduces tips of chromosomes become shorter

Question 31

Asexual reproduction benefits and drawbacks

Answer 31

Offspring produced in short period of time If threatened will likely still live due to constant reproduction No variation Offspring identical to parent

Question 32

Sexual reproduction pros and cons

Answer 32

Requires more energy and time Fewer offspring produced Variation tho

Question 33

Genetic engineering

Answer 33

Artificial introduction of genes from one organism into genetic material of another organism

Question 34

Biotechnology

Answer 34

Using or modifying living organisms to make marketable products Sometimes involves genetic engineering

Question 35

Transgenic

Answer 35

Organisms produced by moving DNA form one organism to another to create new genetic combination

Question 36

Human lactoferrin

Answer 36

Source of iron for babies | Cow

Question 37

Antitrypsin

Answer 37

Used to treat inherited form of emphysema | Sheep

Question 38

Factor VIII and IX

Answer 38

Blood clotting factors used to treat hemophilia | Sheep

Question 39

Human protein C

Answer 39

Used to treat blood clots | Pig

Question 40

Insulin

Answer 40

Human gene for insulin moved to bacteria Bacteria produced insulin as waste product Large quantities of insulin produced as result Diabetics important

Question 41

Why multicellular organism used sometimes

Answer 41

Bacteria can’t make large complex proteins

Question 42

Ability to produce human proteins

Answer 42

Inherited form transgenic animal

Question 43

Mammals advantage

Answer 43

Proteins can be collected from milk then purified | Animals don’t need to be killed

Question 44

EnviroPig

Answer 44

Produces environmentally friendly waste for manure | Bacterial genes for degrading phosphate inserted into genome

Question 45

Aquaculture

Answer 45

Fish farming

Question 46

Fish in oceans and lakes/biotechnology

Answer 46

In Canada fishing season relatively short Walter gets to cold for fish to survive therefore can’t fish Populations of fish steadily declining a Genes added for disease resistance Growth hormones added Antifreeze gene added

Question 47

Problem with transgenic fish

Answer 47

Natural pop may die off due to intense comp

Question 48

Problem with transportation of engineered cell into host cells

Answer 48

Viruses used as transporters or vectors | Gene gun fires microscopic metallic particles caged with engineered DNA into host cell

Question 49

Reasons for genetically altered crops

Answer 49

Tolerant of herbicides Lower costs Fewer weds Grown in dif locations

Question 50

Monocultures con

Answer 50

Lack diversity Single pest or disease could eradicate who,e crop Local plant diseases could threaten whole country’s food supply