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Science 9 > Unit 1 - Topic 5 > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Topic 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid
Molecule storing genetic info for heritable traits
Directs structures and functions of cells
Genetic material
Found in nucleus

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2
Q

DNA functions

A

Controls formation of cells
Controls products cells release
Controls everything cells do

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3
Q

Chromosomes

A

Tightly packed strands of DNA visible under a light microscope during cell division

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4
Q

Structure of DNA

A

Shape of coiled ladder

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5
Q

Components of DNA

A

Sides of ladder -> alternating subunits called sugars and phosphates
Rungs of ladder -> pairs of nitrogen bases

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6
Q

Nitrogen bases

A

Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)

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7
Q

Nitrogen base pairs

A

A forms chemicals bonds w/ T

C bonds w/ G

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8
Q

Nucleotides

A

Each made of phosphate, sugar, and a nitrogen base

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9
Q

Amount of nucleotides in DNA

A

Thousands

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10
Q

Gene

A

Section of DNA on chromosome that codes for specific protein and function

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11
Q

Human genome

A

Total code for human DNA

Contains about 3.0 x 10^9 pairs of bases

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12
Q

Genes per person

A

30 000

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13
Q

Typical gene having … base pairs

A

3000

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14
Q

Chromosomes in dogs and tomatoes

A

78

24

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15
Q

Cells in multicellular organisms divide for

A

Growth of organisms

Repair and replacement of tissues

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16
Q

Somatic cells

A

Body cells, not including reproductive cells

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17
Q

30-50 yrs

A

Brain cells

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18
Q

120 days

A

Red blood cells

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19
Q

2 days

A

Stomach lining cells

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20
Q

200 days

A

Liver cells

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21
Q

3 days

A

Intestine lining cells

22
Q

20 days

A

Skin cells

23
Q

of cells found in body

A

60 trillion to 100 million million

24
Q

Mitosis

A

Process of cell devised in somatic cells
Each chromosome is duplicated then cell divides
Each cell ends up with comp,eye set of chromosomes

25
Q

Sex cells synonyms

A

Gametes
Sperm and eggs
Reproductive cells

26
Q

Meiosis

A

Process of forming new gametes
Chromosomes duplicated
Then cell division occurs twice
Gametes only have 23 chromosomes

27
Q

Why sexual reproduction increases variation within species

A

Randomly dividing 23 pairs of chromosomes creates possibility of 8.4 million (2^23) combos

28
Q

Two sex chromosomes

A

Large X and smaller Y
Females have two X
Males have one X and one Y

29
Q

Sex of offspring dependent on

A

Sperm fertilizing egg

30
Q

Aging

A

Inability to replace old, worn-out, or damaged cells

Each time cell reproduces tips of chromosomes become shorter

31
Q

Asexual reproduction benefits and drawbacks

A

Offspring produced in short period of time
If threatened will likely still live due to constant reproduction
No variation
Offspring identical to parent

32
Q

Sexual reproduction pros and cons

A

Requires more energy and time
Fewer offspring produced
Variation tho

33
Q

Genetic engineering

A

Artificial introduction of genes from one organism into genetic material of another organism

34
Q

Biotechnology

A

Using or modifying living organisms to make marketable products
Sometimes involves genetic engineering

35
Q

Transgenic

A

Organisms produced by moving DNA form one organism to another to create new genetic combination

36
Q

Human lactoferrin

A

Source of iron for babies

Cow

37
Q

Antitrypsin

A

Used to treat inherited form of emphysema

Sheep

38
Q

Factor VIII and IX

A

Blood clotting factors used to treat hemophilia

Sheep

39
Q

Human protein C

A

Used to treat blood clots

Pig

40
Q

Insulin

A

Human gene for insulin moved to bacteria
Bacteria produced insulin as waste product
Large quantities of insulin produced as result
Diabetics important

41
Q

Why multicellular organism used sometimes

A

Bacteria can’t make large complex proteins

42
Q

Ability to produce human proteins

A

Inherited form transgenic animal

43
Q

Mammals advantage

A

Proteins can be collected from milk then purified

Animals don’t need to be killed

44
Q

EnviroPig

A

Produces environmentally friendly waste for manure

Bacterial genes for degrading phosphate inserted into genome

45
Q

Aquaculture

A

Fish farming

46
Q

Fish in oceans and lakes/biotechnology

A

In Canada fishing season relatively short
Walter gets to cold for fish to survive therefore can’t fish
Populations of fish steadily declining a
Genes added for disease resistance
Growth hormones added
Antifreeze gene added

47
Q

Problem with transgenic fish

A

Natural pop may die off due to intense comp

48
Q

Problem with transportation of engineered cell into host cells

A

Viruses used as transporters or vectors

Gene gun fires microscopic metallic particles caged with engineered DNA into host cell

49
Q

Reasons for genetically altered crops

A

Tolerant of herbicides
Lower costs
Fewer weds
Grown in dif locations

50
Q

Monocultures con

A

Lack diversity
Single pest or disease could eradicate who,e crop
Local plant diseases could threaten whole country’s food supply

Science 9 (21 decks)

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