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Science 9 > Unit 3 - Topic 4 > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Topic 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Kuwait and Bahrain

A

Have no renewable fresh-water supplies

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2
Q

Pollutant

A

Any material, or form of energy, that will cause physical harm to a living organism
Harm may be result of physical, chemical, biological mechanisms that threaten health/survival

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3
Q

Pollution

A

Any alteration of environment producing a condition that is harmful o living things

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4
Q

DDT is case of

A

Pollution

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5
Q

DDT is the

A

Pollutant

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6
Q

Giardia

A

Parasite causing intestinal illness

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7
Q

Beaver fever

A

Intestinal illness caused by Giardia

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8
Q

Chemicals can be

A

Natural or human made
Harmless or hazardous
Some of unknown toxicity

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9
Q

Serial dilution

A

Series of sequential dilutions that are performed to convert dense solution into more usable concentration

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10
Q

Standard way of indicating how much of substance present

A

Refer to percentage of weight or volume represents

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11
Q

1 percent milk fat in yogurt =

A

1 g of milk fat:100 g of substances making up yogurt

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12
Q

Percent

A

Parts per hundred

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13
Q

Ppm, ppb, ppt

A

Parts per million
Parts per billion
Parts per trillion

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14
Q

Iodized table salt contains

A

76 g potassium iodide (KI): 1 000 000 g sodium chloride (NaCl)
76 ppm potassium iodide

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15
Q

Cadmium considered toxic

A

17 ppt

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16
Q

Formula to calculate concentration of substance

A 
Substance mg (y)
————————— x 1000 g/kg = answer mg/kg
Whatever it’s in g
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17
Q

Mg/kg

A

Ppm

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18
Q

Toxicity

A

Ability of chemical to cause harm to organism

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19
Q

Acute toxicity

A

Serious symptoms occur after only on exposure to chemical

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20
Q

Chronic toxicity

A

Symptoms appear only after chemical accumulates to specific level after many exposure over time

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21
Q

Lead

A

Chronic toxicity material

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22
Q

Methyl isocyanate

A

Acute toxicity chemical

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23
Q

Reasons why it’s not easy to establish level at which substance toxic

A

Difference in:
Body mass
Lifestyles
Metabolism

24
Q

Heavy metal ions

A

Cause death of nerve cells

Results in permanent neurological damage

25
Q

Pollution comes from Latin word

A

Pollutus

Made unclean, foul, or dirty

26
Q

Cyclamen mites

A

Damage strawberry crops

27
Q

Why attempts to control cyclamen mites failed

A

Predators more susceptible to parathion (insecticide used)
Mites able to thrive with no natural predators
Increased by 35x

28
Q

LD50

A

Lethal Dose 50

Refers to dose of chemical that will kill 50 % of pop to which it is applied

29
Q

Common measurement of toxicity of substance

A

LD50

30
Q

LD50 takes into account

A

That some individuals within target pop may be more resistant to toxic effects of chemical

31
Q

Clostridium botulinum

A

Most lethal poison known
Is a bacterium
LD50 = 0.00000003 ppm

32
Q

Cb can be destroyed

A

By high temp and acidity

33
Q

Cb common in

A

Foods

34
Q

Dioxin

A

Most lethal human-made toxin

35
Q

LD50 only useful

A

As guide for how we should handle substance

36
Q

Botulism

A

Fatal illness from Clostridium botulinum

37
Q

Botulism name comes from

A

Latin word botulus

38
Q

Botulus

A

Sausage
Originated from outbreak of illness in 19th century Germany
Contaminated sausages culprit
When bacterial culprit isolated and identified named Cb

39
Q

Reasons why waiting periods before drug/substance approved in place

A
  1. Does that kills one may only cause mild discomfort to another
  2. Toxicity depends on how chemical enters body (oral, inhalation, absorption, injection etc.)
  3. Can’t tell on published toxicity values cuz few actual measurements made on humans; most are accidental-exposure cases
  4. Merely guesses based on assumption humans will react to Che,i a, in same way lab rat/mouse does
40
Q

Thalidomide

A

Drug developed as sleeping pill

41
Q

Thalidomide issue

A

Went through usual toxicity tests and declared harmless
Used by pregnant women in 1950s-60s
Resulted in birth of thousand of babies with no limbs or extremely shortened limbs
Lab rats 4000 ppm wi5 no ill effect
Women w/ 0.5 ppm at wrong time during pregnancy had child w/ missing limbs

42
Q

Thalidomide effective

A

Lupus

Rheumatoid arthritis

43
Q

Most of poisons.

A

Natural not man-made

44
Q

Plants and animals

A

Developed to discourage predators and eliminate competitors in general much more toxic and numerous that synthetic toxins

45
Q

1 molecule of human-made pesticide in our diet result of agricultural use

A

10 000 molecules of naturally formed pesticides

46
Q

Some identical in mass and structure

A

Human-made and natural pesticides

47
Q

Coffee contains

A

Alkaloid chemical caffeine, nervous system toxin

48
Q

LD50 for caffeine

A

Mice 130 ppm
Humans have to drink 70 cups in one sitting to get does equivalent of that for mice
May not be accurate tho
Acceptable risk to humans

49
Q

Saccharin

A

Sugar substitute
500x sweeter than sugar
Controlled substance

50
Q

Saccharin discovered in

A

1879

51
Q

Saccharin used commercially by

A

1907

52
Q

Saccharin found to produce

A

Cancerous effects in some lab animals
Still accepted food diligence
Foods containing it must be labeled as possibly hazardous to health
Generates undetectable risk of cancer ti humans

53
Q

Every chemical has potential to be harmful depending on

A

Dose
Susceptibility
Reaction w/ other chemicals

54
Q

Evaluation of risks and benefits of any chemical

A

Form basis of how chemical use regulated

55
Q

Carrot

A

Can make skin sensitive to sunlight even in moderate amounts of sunlight
Can cause sunburn-like symptoms
After recovery skin often permanently darkened
Many pesticides and plants are similar

Science 9 (21 decks)

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