Unit 3 - Topic 4

Question 1

Kuwait and Bahrain

Answer 1

Have no renewable fresh-water supplies

Question 2

Pollutant

Answer 2

Any material, or form of energy, that will cause physical harm to a living organism
Harm may be result of physical, chemical, biological mechanisms that threaten health/survival

Question 3

Pollution

Answer 3

Any alteration of environment producing a condition that is harmful o living things

Question 4

DDT is case of

Answer 4

Pollution

Question 5

DDT is the

Answer 5

Pollutant

Question 6

Giardia

Answer 6

Parasite causing intestinal illness

Question 7

Beaver fever

Answer 7

Intestinal illness caused by Giardia

Question 8

Chemicals can be

Answer 8

Natural or human made
Harmless or hazardous
Some of unknown toxicity

Question 9

Serial dilution

Answer 9

Series of sequential dilutions that are performed to convert dense solution into more usable concentration

Question 10

Standard way of indicating how much of substance present

Answer 10

Refer to percentage of weight or volume represents

Question 11

1 percent milk fat in yogurt =

Answer 11

1 g of milk fat:100 g of substances making up yogurt

Question 12

Percent

Answer 12

Parts per hundred

Question 13

Ppm, ppb, ppt

Answer 13

Parts per million
Parts per billion
Parts per trillion

Question 14

Iodized table salt contains

Answer 14

76 g potassium iodide (KI): 1 000 000 g sodium chloride (NaCl)
76 ppm potassium iodide

Question 15

Cadmium considered toxic

Answer 15

17 ppt

Question 16

Formula to calculate concentration of substance

Answer 16

Substance mg (y)
————————— x 1000 g/kg = answer mg/kg
Whatever it’s in g

Question 17

Mg/kg

Answer 17

Ppm

Question 18

Toxicity

Answer 18

Ability of chemical to cause harm to organism

Question 19

Acute toxicity

Answer 19

Serious symptoms occur after only on exposure to chemical

Question 20

Chronic toxicity

Answer 20

Symptoms appear only after chemical accumulates to specific level after many exposure over time

Question 21

Lead

Answer 21

Chronic toxicity material

Question 22

Methyl isocyanate

Answer 22

Acute toxicity chemical

Question 23

Reasons why it’s not easy to establish level at which substance toxic

Answer 23

Difference in:
Body mass
Lifestyles
Metabolism

Question 24

Heavy metal ions

Answer 24

Cause death of nerve cells

Results in permanent neurological damage

Question 25

Pollution comes from Latin word

Answer 25

Pollutus | Made unclean, foul, or dirty

Question 26

Cyclamen mites

Answer 26

Damage strawberry crops

Question 27

Why attempts to control cyclamen mites failed

Answer 27

Predators more susceptible to parathion (insecticide used) Mites able to thrive with no natural predators Increased by 35x

Question 28

LD50

Answer 28

Lethal Dose 50 | Refers to dose of chemical that will kill 50 % of pop to which it is applied

Question 29

Common measurement of toxicity of substance

Answer 29

LD50

Question 30

LD50 takes into account

Answer 30

That some individuals within target pop may be more resistant to toxic effects of chemical

Question 31

Clostridium botulinum

Answer 31

Most lethal poison known Is a bacterium LD50 = 0.00000003 ppm

Question 32

Cb can be destroyed

Answer 32

By high temp and acidity

Question 33

Cb common in

Answer 33

Foods

Question 34

Dioxin

Answer 34

Most lethal human-made toxin

Question 35

LD50 only useful

Answer 35

As guide for how we should handle substance

Question 36

Botulism

Answer 36

Fatal illness from Clostridium botulinum

Question 37

Botulism name comes from

Answer 37

Latin word botulus

Question 38

Botulus

Answer 38

Sausage Originated from outbreak of illness in 19th century Germany Contaminated sausages culprit When bacterial culprit isolated and identified named Cb

Question 39

Reasons why waiting periods before drug/substance approved in place

Answer 39

1. Does that kills one may only cause mild discomfort to another 2. Toxicity depends on how chemical enters body (oral, inhalation, absorption, injection etc.) 3. Can’t tell on published toxicity values cuz few actual measurements made on humans; most are accidental-exposure cases 4. Merely guesses based on assumption humans will react to Che,i a, in same way lab rat/mouse does

Question 40

Thalidomide

Answer 40

Drug developed as sleeping pill

Question 41

Thalidomide issue

Answer 41

Went through usual toxicity tests and declared harmless Used by pregnant women in 1950s-60s Resulted in birth of thousand of babies with no limbs or extremely shortened limbs Lab rats 4000 ppm wi5 no ill effect Women w/ 0.5 ppm at wrong time during pregnancy had child w/ missing limbs

Question 42

Thalidomide effective

Answer 42

Lupus | Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 43

Most of poisons.

Answer 43

Natural not man-made

Question 44

Plants and animals

Answer 44

Developed to discourage predators and eliminate competitors in general much more toxic and numerous that synthetic toxins

Question 45

1 molecule of human-made pesticide in our diet result of agricultural use

Answer 45

10 000 molecules of naturally formed pesticides

Question 46

Some identical in mass and structure

Answer 46

Human-made and natural pesticides

Question 47

Coffee contains

Answer 47

Alkaloid chemical caffeine, nervous system toxin

Question 48

LD50 for caffeine

Answer 48

Mice 130 ppm Humans have to drink 70 cups in one sitting to get does equivalent of that for mice May not be accurate tho Acceptable risk to humans

Question 49

Saccharin

Answer 49

Sugar substitute 500x sweeter than sugar Controlled substance

Question 50

Saccharin discovered in

Answer 50

1879

Question 51

Saccharin used commercially by

Answer 51

1907

Question 52

Saccharin found to produce

Answer 52

Cancerous effects in some lab animals Still accepted food diligence Foods containing it must be labeled as possibly hazardous to health Generates undetectable risk of cancer ti humans

Question 53

Every chemical has potential to be harmful depending on

Answer 53

Dose Susceptibility Reaction w/ other chemicals

Question 54

Evaluation of risks and benefits of any chemical

Answer 54

Form basis of how chemical use regulated

Question 55

Carrot

Answer 55

Can make skin sensitive to sunlight even in moderate amounts of sunlight Can cause sunburn-like symptoms After recovery skin often permanently darkened Many pesticides and plants are similar