unknown anatomy 103 Flashcards
Layers of the pericardium
Fibrous and serous (parietal and visceral form serous)
What forms the lateral border of all mediastinum
Mediastinal pleura
Atypical/floating/false ribs
Atypical: 1,2,10,11,12
Floating: 11 and 12
False rise: 8,9,10,11,12 (not attached to sternum
What forms the hemiazygos vein
Lumbar and left subcostal veins joining together
Intercostal veins 9, 10 and 11 join hemiazygos vein
What forms the accessory hemiazygos vein
Intercostal veins T5, 6, 7 and 8
What veins join to superior vena cava
Oesophageal veins
Mediastinal veins
Pericardial veins
What joins to form each bracheocephalic vein
Subclavian vein and internal jugular
Pleural cavity recesses
Costomediastinal and costodiaphragmatic
Not symmetrical (due to heart)
Can be occupied by lung during forced inspiration
Innervation of parietal pleura regions
Cervical: 1st intercostal
Costal: intercostals
Mediastinal: phrenic
Diaphragmatic: lower ics and phrenic
What enters through the hilum (root)
Bronchi Pulmonary arteries and veins Bronchial arteries and veins Pulmonary plexus Lymph nodes and vessels
How does lymph drain towards the hilum
Bronchopulmonary nodes (Hilar)
Tracheobronchial nodes
Paratracheal nodes
What are secondary and tertiary bronchi called
lobar
segmental
How many bronchopulmonary segments are there
10 in right lung 8-10 in left lung Each supplied by a single tertiary bronchus Separated by connective tissue Can remove one in isolation
Where does the trachea run from and to?
C6-T4/5
Fissures of left and right lung
Left: oblique (inferior and superior); there is a lingula
Right: oblique and horizontal (inferior, superior and middle)
Visceral pleural innervation
Autonomic from pulmonary plexuses
Branches off the descending aorta
Paired - Posterior intercostal - Subcostal - Bronchial - Superior phrenic Unpaired - Pericardial - Oesophageal - Mediastinal
What does the thoracic duct do
Transports lymph to venous system
Where do the phrenic nerves enter the superior mediastinum
Between bracheocephalic veins and subclavian arteries
Pass anterior to main bronchi
Vagus nerve (what type of nerve, where they enter superior and posterior mediastinum, what they supply)
Cranial nerves
Enter superior mediastinum medial to phrenic nerve
Go into posterior mediastinum posterior to main bronchi
Parasympathetic supply via pulmonary, cardiac and oesophageal plexi
What form early blood vessels (embryology)
Angiogenic clusters form in the mesoderm
Two large blood vessels (heart tubes)form in cardiogenic area
When do heart tubes fuse
Day 21
What regions is the heart tube divided into
Sinus venosus
Primordial atrium
Primordial ventricle
Truncus arteriosus
When does the heart tube start to fold
Day 23
2 regions of the right atrium of the heart
Sinus centrum (smooth walled)
Pectinate muscle
Also crista terminalis is the ridge of myocardium under the pectinate muscle
What does the papillary muscle do
It attaches the chordae tendineae to the wall of the ventricles
Trabeculae carneae is the ridged wall of the ventricles
Names of the tricuspid and mitral cusps
Anterior, posterior septal
Anterior and posterior
Where is the oblique sinus located
Between pulmonary veins
How many people are RCA dominant
67% (15% left and 8% both)
In what percentage of people does the SA nodal branch come off the circumflex
40%
Location of SA node
close to crista terminalis at junction between SVC and right atrium
Location of AV node
interatrial septum close to coronary sinus opening
How do parasympathetic fibres reach the SA node
Enter cardiac plexus from Vagus nerve
How do sympathetic fibres react eh SA node
From sympathetic trunk levels T1-5 enter cardiac plexus
Where does the thoracic duct originate/where does it travel
Cisterna chyli in abdomen (L2)
Ascends through aortic hiatus anterior to thoracic vertebrae
Drains into venous system at the left venous angle
Lymph drainage fro which trunks
Right and left jugular trunk
Right and left subclavian trunk
Right and left bronchomediastinal trunk
Where does the oesophagus travel
Posterior to trachea
Posterior and to right of aorta
Veers slightly left before piercing diaphragm
Passes anterior to aorta before entering stomach
Innervation: CNX and sympathetic trunk via oesophageal plexus
Phrenic nerve in relation to the vagus
Phrenic is more lateral and anterior than the vagus in the thorax
