RTIs

Question 1

Immunity against pathogenesis

Answer 1

Innate: cilia and alveolar macrophages
Acquired: B/T cells, IgA secreted by plasma cells

Question 2

What is a sore throat/nasal congestion caused by

Answer 2

Bradykinin

Question 3

What causes nasal discharge to change colour

Answer 3

Number of neutrophils

Question 4

What causes cough

Answer 4

Mediated by Vagal nerve - inflammation must extend to the larynx

Question 5

Systemic symptoms caused by

Answer 5

Cytokines

Question 6

Risk groups for the flu

Answer 6

Immunosuppressed
Pregnant
Age <2 or >65
BMI >40

Question 7

Complications of the flu

Answer 7

Primary viral pneumonia
Secondary bacterial pneumonia
CNS disease
Death

Question 8

How does the influenza virus enter the cell

Answer 8

Haemagglutinin surface protein binds silica acid on cell surface glycoproteins/glycolipids

Question 9

How does the virus escape

Answer 9

Neuraminidase on the surface of the virus cleaves silica bonds

Question 10

What type of genome does the influenza virus have

Answer 10

Segmented genome - 8 parts, so can reassort

Question 11

Treatment and prevention of flu

Answer 11

Active immunisation
Hand hygiene
Tamiflu - neurominidase inhibitor

Question 12

Symptoms of pneumonia

Answer 12

Alveoli full of inflammation

Fever, breathlessness, cough, sputum production, hypoxia, increased rr, pleuritic chest pain, sepsis

Question 13

What kind of infection is pneumonia

Answer 13

Infection of the lung parenchyma

Question 14

Which stains are used to look at tb bacteria

Answer 14

Ziehl-Neelsen

Auramine-rhodamine