Unity in 1870 Flashcards
what was the new state
a constitutional monarchy as defined by the statuto
although Victor emmanuel was the executive power what constraints were there on him
he needed parliamentary approval for new taxes and new laws
what did the Monarch symbolise by 1870
stability of a new state against extremism and republicans
what was Victor Emmanuel to many Italians
piedmontese- foreign
what was the military seen as
the means by which recruits could be made into italians
what was possibly the most significant role the army played
defending against internal ememies
how many officers were in the army by 1870
15,000
what percentage of the officers in the army was piedmontese
2/3
how many soldiers did the army have, with how many on reserve
215,000
2 million
what did the army guarantee for the new state
national unity, willing to use force to ensure the continuation of stability
what role did the civil service play
ran the economy, education and the states finances
where were nearly all civil servants from
piedmont
who were many of the civil service jobs given to in the new state
veterans of the wars of independence
how many bureaucrats made up the centralised civil service
30,000
how many of the bureaucrats that made up the civil service were based in rome
3,100
what was a benefit of the civil service
relatively free of corruption
what was a problem with the civil service
heavily centralised and the civil servants in Rome held disproportionate influence
how many provinces was the country divided into
69
what did each province have
a prefect that was centrally appointed by the government
what was the job of prefects
keep order in the provinces
what was the carabinieri
25,000 strong military police force that supported the prefects
what was the commune
the mayor was appointed to run this, looked after education, public health, taxation and public works
in reality who control local governments
local elites and the prefects - they were the key to a smooth operation of the whole political system
what was the economy in the south hampered by
a lack of capital and skilled labour
what was the main industry in the south by 1871
agriculture, fruit and olives and silk was produced in cottages
why was power a problem in the south, unlike the north
there was a lack of water, north had rivers from the alps
what did unification lead to the removal of
tariffs which had previously protected the southern industry
what did the removal of tariffs mean for industry in the south
collapsed, like the silk industry since the couldn’t compete with their northern competition
what did unification aso lead to
higher taxation - pay for wars
who did the government target with new taxes
the poor eg. grist tax
what did the government use the money for
public works, land reclamation and the military but mainly in the north
what did poverty lead to (%)
high infant mortality , 22.7% died before 1st birthday
what % died before their 5th birthday in 1871
50%
what did poverty, unemployment, higher taxes an lack of land lead to
seasonal migration to the richer northern areas or france or switzerland
in 1871 how many Italians emigrated (USA, Argentina etc)
120,000
what did the Law of guarantees give the pope
his own postal service, full religious powers, 3,225,000 lire
what did Pius react like to the Law of Guarantees
he ignored it as it came from a government he did not recognise
what did the church do attempt to weaken the government
had another court in the vatican, formed its own social organisations
what did catholics do
refused to take part in the political process
what was the size of the electorate in 1871
still 2.2%
what percent of those who were eligible to vote actually did
60% - because catholics and republicans boycotted on principle
who made up the right of parliament
aristocrats from the north, they supported the monarchy and the process of improving italy
who made up the left of parliament
middle class backgrounds mainly from the south, generally anti-clerical and keen on expanding the electorate
what did the constitutional monarchy leading italy still mean happened
republican uprisings, but they were hopeless
who was Barsanti and what did he do in 1870
mazzinian,led an uprising on the army barracks in Pavia.. he was arrested and shot (anti monarchy)
what was Irredentism (irredenta)
a nationalist movement during the late 19th and early 20th centuries
what were irredentist goals
promoted the unification of geographic areas in which indigenous ethnic italians and italian speaking persons formed a majority, or substantial minority of the population
what did irredentists in the north want
free italians living under Habsburg rule such as Trentino, Istria and Trieste
what did other irredentists want
free rome, and use the rebirth of italy to create an imperial power in the mediterranean
what did irredentists on the left want
1870 Crispi called for the return of nice and savoy to italian control, others believed Malta and Corsica should be italian
what an irredentists be seen as
a thorn in the side of the new state
