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Unification of Italy 1830-1870 edexel AS > Challenges to the restored order an the failure of revolution 1830-49 > Flashcards

Challenges to the restored order an the failure of revolution 1830-49 Flashcards

1
Q

When was the congress of Vienna

A

1815

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2
Q

what did the congress of Vienna do

A

restored the old order across the italian peninsula (after napoleonic rule)

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3
Q

What is reactionary rule

A

Where a leader uses oppression to oppose changes

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4
Q

How was reactionary rule guaranteed in Italy

A

Help available from Austrias military strength

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5
Q

despite reactionary rule what was there still evidence of in some states

A

legacy of napoleonic rule, revolts and revolutions to challenge the restored order eg for a constitution etc

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6
Q

What was wrong with any revolts that took place

A

they were small, unorganized and not on a national scale

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7
Q

What was founded in 1831 and by who (first suggestion of nation state)

A

Young Italy, Giuseppe Mazzini

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8
Q

what did Young Italy and other secret societies do

A

not widespread yet, but they planted the seeds of nationalism, democracy

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9
Q

why was the idea of a nation state limited

A

because it threatened the established order

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10
Q

what made up the Kingdom of Sardinia

A

Piedmont on the mainland and the island of Sardinia

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11
Q

Who ruled in Sardinia

A

The house of Savoy from Turin, Victor Emmanuel 1– reactionary, removed laws and people appointed by napoleon. removed code napoleon

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12
Q

What happened to Lombardy

A

returned to Austrian control

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13
Q

what did lombardy maintain

A

number of military strongholds called the Quadlilateral

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14
Q

Who Ruled the papal states

A

the Catholic church(POPE) – not just a spiritual leader he also has temporal power

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15
Q

What did the papal states lack

A

a significant army – rely on other catholic countries

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16
Q

what were Jesuits

A

A member of the Society of Jesus founded in the 16th century – hardline members

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17
Q

What happened after 1815 (papal states)

A

Pope Pius vII returned to power and the code napoleon was abolished (not every where in the state eg in Romagna)

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18
Q

What happened to venice

A

annexed by Austria– austrian control

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19
Q

Central Duchies (Modena, Tuscany and Parma)

A

left firmly under Austrian influence after 1815- although nt as repressive (Grand Duke Ferdinand III)

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20
Q

What was allowed in tuscany

A

improved education, set up hospitals and food relief, allowed freedom of expression

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21
Q

Parma- what did Marie louise do

A

Repealed the code Napoleon in 1820 but, brought in something similar

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22
Q

Modena- what did Duke Francis IV do

A

more repressive, reinstated the Jesuits order of influence

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23
Q

who ruled the kingdom of Naples (icl. sicily)

A

The Bourbon Family in Naples

24
Q

What was in like in the South

A

desperate poverty, similar to medieval times in the countryside, Bourbons were absolute monarchs, land was owned by the church

25
Q

what happened in the south after 1815

A

bourbons (Ferdinand I) restored to power- got rid of all British and french influences

26
Q

What evidence of discontent was there during the 1820s

A

no national movements, but small groups like The Carbonari- secret societies.

27
Q

Who lost out from the restoration of the old monarchies?

A

purged army officers, civil servants

28
Q

where were there revolutions during 1820-1

A

Naples, Sicily and Piedmont

29
Q

What were the goals of the 1820s revs

A

challenge the legitimacy of the rule of some of the restored orders – didn’t go as far to challenge the rule of Austria – not national

30
Q

what happened in france 1830

A

revolutionaries overthrew Charles X and replaced by more liberal Louis Philippe

31
Q

what did 1830s revs in france mean for italy

A

raised possibility of french support for a similar revolution in Italy, counterbalance power of Austria

32
Q

Modena 1831, who led the uprising

A

Enrico Misley, member of the carbonari, He was also a friend of the Duke of Modena

33
Q

Who was the Duke of Modena

A

Francesco IV

34
Q

What did Enrico Misley do

A

he tried to get the duke to support the uprising with a promise that he would be supported in becoming the king of a united Italy

35
Q

what happened after Misley enlisted the dukes help

A

duke had prominent leaders of the uprising arrested, fled to vienna to plead for help

but while he was gone a provisional government was set up in parma as well– both returned with Austria army and revolutions were destroyed

36
Q

Revolutions in the papal states 1831, what did the people want

A

not nationalists, but liberals who wanted to challenge the church and re-establish something similar to napoleonic rule

37
Q

What happened in the papal states revs 1831

A

provisional government was set up and a constitution was put in place- promised a reformed finance system , elected assembly etc

38
Q

How did Austria respond to the revs in the papal states?

A

took back Bologna, the revolutionaries surrendered because they were falsely promised amnesty…

39
Q

what happened at the end of 1831 in the papal states

A

more revolutions which led to more Austrian intervention in 1832, and the french came in in 1832 Ancona, papal armies swept through marches and crushed them brutally

40
Q

why did the revolutions of 1830-32 fail?

A

failure to gain foreign support, had hoped from France to help but first minister said they were not interested
local, not national scale
no communication or organisation between states
mainly middle class, no violence used, divided aims and Austria too strong

41
Q

What was the Risorgimento

A

awareness of cultural identity across the peninsula–back to ideas of when Italy was united (Roman empire)

42
Q

Who was a writer who still recognised ‘Italy” from the 16th century

A

Dante, wrote of Italia, so did Machiavelli but they only did so in terms of culture.. not as a nation state

43
Q

in the 18th and 19th century what did writers write about

A

mentioning national identity, not just referring to the states like piedmont etc

44
Q

How important were the Risorgimento writers?

A

not very, they had small audiences and mainly upper class

45
Q

What did the French revolution mean for the Risorgimento?

A

moved their ideas from just literary/cultural ones into actual political solutions

46
Q

What were Jacobins

A

they were the most ruthless radicals of the french revolution, they wanted universal liberty and the brotherhood of man

47
Q

What were Italian jacobins involved in?

A

plots to overthrow the government in Naples and Turin in 1794

48
Q

What is it important to remember about Italians who wanted change

A

not all of them were revolutionaries that were concerned with a nation state, many just wanted more efficient administration, social reform etc

49
Q

what was the illiteracy rate in 1871?

A

around 2/3 of the population

50
Q

What made the peninsula very divided culturally?

A

Different languages spoken

51
Q

Why is the idea that italy could not be a country due to its linguistic divisions simplistic?

A

after austrian restoration the use of italian was encouraged to express the importance of national identity…

52
Q

What is another important example of development of national consciousness?

A

the creation of national organisations- eg the Congresso delgi Scienziata (congress of science) which held meetings in several parts of italy between 1839-47

53
Q

What was crucial about national organisations like the c.o.s

A

they were attended by delegates from many different regions

54
Q

Why was the opera important in the Risorgimento?

A

composers like Giuseppe Verdi’s work inspired people to compare the situations eg between the Israelites enslavement and their own relationship with austria

55
Q

What was the name of Verdi’s opera that caused stirrings of national ideas?

A

Nabucco

56
Q

what were the aims of secret societies?

A

to reject absolutist government and the promotion of rights for the people

Unification of Italy 1830-1870 edexel AS (17 decks)

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