Consolidating the Kingdom of italy 1861-70- obsticles to unity after 1861 Flashcards
in what was was france an obstacle for italian unification after 1861
Napoleon III would not withdraw the troops from rome
what did Napoleon propose in 1860
that in umbria and the marches were returned to papal control he would withdraw troops
how was austria still an obstacle?
they had no intention of quitting venetia and they still had a large army
When did Cavour die
1861, malaria
what did Garibaldi set up in 1862
the Society for the Emancipation of Rome and he attempted to attack rome
what did ratazzi do in response to garibaldi’s attempts to take rome
sent troop to stop him, but now he was seen as anti nationalist and was sacked
what does mazzini thing of the kingdom italy and why
says its a sham, not a republic– not representative
what was adopted across isaly by 1865 (not tuscany)
a single criminal legal code, and a civil law code
what was formed and modernised under prussian guidance
a unified italian army
what else was formed
a unified italian navy
what happened to schools and universities
they came under state control, unified education system
when the church ignored cavour, what did they begin
a period or fractious cohabitations which is an uneasy relationship between the church and the state
why was the churches spiritual power also under threat
Darwin’s origin of species, scientific theory
what was the reaction of the papacy to the threat of the creation of a new italian state
creation of the Syllabus of Errors
what did the sylabus of errors claim
church should retain control over education, science and culture, no tolerance of other religions, reasserted temporal power,wouldnt accept progress and modern civilisation
how did the new italian state react to the SoE
attacked church property, increase church taxation to the tate in 1866, demanded that they hand over property
when did the pope claim he was a prisoner in the vatican
1870
what was wrong with many of the plebiscites
they were corrupt, no slips not brought in in Nice and people didnt know what they were voting for
why were the 1859 Casati laws not carried out in the south
they were meant to make primary education compulsory, but in the south they were illiterate
what did Garibaldi promise that didnt occur
land redistribution
what did cavour do in the south
crush any opposition
what was the issue with piedmontisation
they decided to impose Piedmont’s systems over the whole peninsula– happened and an indecent rate
why was the South not suited to Piedmontisation
distinct features
what did Piedmontisation do
divided the new kingdom into 53 provinces each governed by a prefect
all customs, coinage weights and measures were standardised
what did the piedmontese constitution become
the italian constitution– didnt adapt it at all for the new kingdom
what were the to major drawbacks of piedmontisation
showed ignorance of regional affairs, eg education had to be paid for by attacking the church- people lost monastries they relied on– mafia was able to corrupt jurors
lack of resources, both financial and human- south became a drain on piedmont
who were Brigands
they were bandits who lived in the mountains and forests during the Napoleonic wars - seen as the protectors of the south
why did the government increase taxes
to pay off the 2.5 billion lire debt caused by war
what else was introduced that was unpopular
conscription
in 1861 how many men took to the hills to avoid military service
25,000
who was public opinion firmly agaist
Victor Emanuel II
What was the result of this in the south
the reemergence of the brigandage and a civil war
who made up the Brigandage
the unemployed, disillusioned and 10,000 convicts who escaped during garibaldi’s campaign – badly organised and managed
how big was the piedmontese army that was deployed to deal with the brigands
120,000
by 1862 how many Brigands were there in the Neopolitan provinces
82,000
by 1863 how many troops were engaged in peace keeping
90,000
what was used by both sides
terror/ guerilla warfare
by 1865 …
most brigand leaders had fled.. less violence
what was the deficit by 1861
2450 million lire which more than doubled for years later
despite the debts, Italy still had to maintain ..
its armed forces to keep peace in the south and to be ready to seize rome or venetia if the situation came up
what was there also a need for
modernisation and become a modern state, railways, roads and military equipment
what were some unpopular taxes
the 1865 flour tax, grist tax 1868(milling of corn)
by the mid 1860s, what fraction of italian bonds were in the hands of foreigners
1/3
by 1866 what percentage of state expenditure was taken up by the deficit
60%
what did the grist tax lead to
riots, 250 deaths and 1000 wounded
what is another way in which the state tried to raise taxes
the sale of land especially from the church
after act in 1667, over the next 9 years how much church land had been sold
9 million acres
each year, how much of each year’s produce was used for debt repayment
30%
what did famous economist Nassau Senior say about Italian methods of industry and farming
that it was so outdated he estimated production was the same as the time of the Roman empire
what was there a distrust of
paper money- borrowing seen as immoral
how many people were employed in industry by 1861
3 million 80% were women and children, italy lacked natrual resources like coal
