Consolidating the Kingdom of italy 1861-70- obsticles to unity after 1861

Question 1

in what was was france an obstacle for italian unification after 1861

Answer 1

Napoleon III would not withdraw the troops from rome

Question 2

what did Napoleon propose in 1860

Answer 2

that in umbria and the marches were returned to papal control he would withdraw troops

Question 3

how was austria still an obstacle?

Answer 3

they had no intention of quitting venetia and they still had a large army

Question 4

When did Cavour die

Answer 4

1861, malaria

Question 5

what did Garibaldi set up in 1862

Answer 5

the Society for the Emancipation of Rome and he attempted to attack rome

Question 6

what did ratazzi do in response to garibaldi’s attempts to take rome

Answer 6

sent troop to stop him, but now he was seen as anti nationalist and was sacked

Question 7

what does mazzini thing of the kingdom italy and why

Answer 7

says its a sham, not a republic– not representative

Question 8

what was adopted across isaly by 1865 (not tuscany)

Answer 8

a single criminal legal code, and a civil law code

Question 9

what was formed and modernised under prussian guidance

Answer 9

a unified italian army

Question 10

what else was formed

Answer 10

a unified italian navy

Question 11

what happened to schools and universities

Answer 11

they came under state control, unified education system

Question 12

when the church ignored cavour, what did they begin

Answer 12

a period or fractious cohabitations which is an uneasy relationship between the church and the state

Question 13

why was the churches spiritual power also under threat

Answer 13

Darwin’s origin of species, scientific theory

Question 14

what was the reaction of the papacy to the threat of the creation of a new italian state

Answer 14

creation of the Syllabus of Errors

Question 15

what did the sylabus of errors claim

Answer 15

church should retain control over education, science and culture, no tolerance of other religions, reasserted temporal power,wouldnt accept progress and modern civilisation

Question 16

how did the new italian state react to the SoE

Answer 16

attacked church property, increase church taxation to the tate in 1866, demanded that they hand over property

Question 17

when did the pope claim he was a prisoner in the vatican

Answer 17

1870

Question 18

what was wrong with many of the plebiscites

Answer 18

they were corrupt, no slips not brought in in Nice and people didnt know what they were voting for

Question 19

why were the 1859 Casati laws not carried out in the south

Answer 19

they were meant to make primary education compulsory, but in the south they were illiterate

Question 20

what did Garibaldi promise that didnt occur

Answer 20

land redistribution

Question 21

what did cavour do in the south

Answer 21

crush any opposition

Question 22

what was the issue with piedmontisation

Answer 22

they decided to impose Piedmont’s systems over the whole peninsula– happened and an indecent rate

Question 23

why was the South not suited to Piedmontisation

Answer 23

distinct features

Question 24

what did Piedmontisation do

Answer 24

divided the new kingdom into 53 provinces each governed by a prefect

all customs, coinage weights and measures were standardised

Question 25

what did the piedmontese constitution become

Answer 25

the italian constitution– didnt adapt it at all for the new kingdom

Question 26

what were the to major drawbacks of piedmontisation

Answer 26

showed ignorance of regional affairs, eg education had to be paid for by attacking the church- people lost monastries they relied on– mafia was able to corrupt jurors

lack of resources, both financial and human- south became a drain on piedmont

Question 27

who were Brigands

Answer 27

they were bandits who lived in the mountains and forests during the Napoleonic wars - seen as the protectors of the south

Question 28

why did the government increase taxes

Answer 28

to pay off the 2.5 billion lire debt caused by war

Question 29

what else was introduced that was unpopular

Answer 29

conscription

Question 30

in 1861 how many men took to the hills to avoid military service

Answer 30

25,000

Question 31

who was public opinion firmly agaist

Answer 31

Victor Emanuel II

Question 32

What was the result of this in the south

Answer 32

the reemergence of the brigandage and a civil war

Question 33

who made up the Brigandage

Answer 33

the unemployed, disillusioned and 10,000 convicts who escaped during garibaldi’s campaign – badly organised and managed

Question 34

how big was the piedmontese army that was deployed to deal with the brigands

Answer 34

120,000

Question 35

by 1862 how many Brigands were there in the Neopolitan provinces

Answer 35

82,000

Question 36

by 1863 how many troops were engaged in peace keeping

Answer 36

90,000

Question 37

what was used by both sides

Answer 37

terror/ guerilla warfare

Question 38

by 1865 …

Answer 38

most brigand leaders had fled.. less violence

Question 39

what was the deficit by 1861

Answer 39

2450 million lire which more than doubled for years later

Question 40

despite the debts, Italy still had to maintain ..

Answer 40

its armed forces to keep peace in the south and to be ready to seize rome or venetia if the situation came up

Question 41

what was there also a need for

Answer 41

modernisation and become a modern state, railways, roads and military equipment

Question 42

what were some unpopular taxes

Answer 42

the 1865 flour tax, grist tax 1868(milling of corn)

Question 43

by the mid 1860s, what fraction of italian bonds were in the hands of foreigners

Answer 43

1/3

Question 44

by 1866 what percentage of state expenditure was taken up by the deficit

Answer 44

60%

Question 45

what did the grist tax lead to

Answer 45

riots, 250 deaths and 1000 wounded

Question 46

what is another way in which the state tried to raise taxes

Answer 46

the sale of land especially from the church

Question 47

after act in 1667, over the next 9 years how much church land had been sold

Answer 47

9 million acres

Question 48

each year, how much of each year’s produce was used for debt repayment

Answer 48

30%

Question 49

what did famous economist Nassau Senior say about Italian methods of industry and farming

Answer 49

that it was so outdated he estimated production was the same as the time of the Roman empire

Question 50

what was there a distrust of

Answer 50

paper money- borrowing seen as immoral

Question 51

how many people were employed in industry by 1861

Answer 51

3 million 80% were women and children, italy lacked natrual resources like coal